Direct lndirect speech

DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH : 

DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

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Direct Speech when we quote the actual words of the speaker. Rima said, “Harry is an idle boy.” Indirect Speech when we give the substance of what the speaker said without quoting his exact words. Rima said that Harry was an idle boy.

Rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech : 

Rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech

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RULE 1 Quotation marks (inverted commas) are removed. Rules for changing reporting verbs: say, says (without object)no change say to, says to (with object)tell; tells said (without object)no change said to (with object)told

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RULE 2 If the reporting verb is in the past tense the verb in the reported speech is also changed to the past tense. simple present to simple past DIRECT: Anil said, “Satish swims daily.” INDIRECT: Anil said that Satish swam daily. present continuous to past continuous DIRECT: He said, “Anand is working hard.” INDIRECT: He said that Anand was working hard.

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Present perfect to past perfect DIRECT: Peter said, “Bali has done his work.” INDIRECT: Peter said that Bali had done his work. simple past to past perfect DIRECT: Bali said, “Raman returned at noon.” INDIRECT: Bali said that Raman had returned at noon.

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Past continuous to past perfect continuous DIRECT: He said, “All were laughing at the beggar.” INDIRECT: He said that all had been laughing at the beggar

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RULE 3 If the reported speech contains some universal or habitual fact, then the simple present in the reported speech is not changed into the corresponding simple past, but remains unchanged DIRECT: He said, “Man is mortal.” INDIRECT: He said that man is mortal.

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RULE 4 If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the verb of reported speech is not changed at all. DIRECT: Tom says, “There is no ink in the ink-pot.” INDIRECT: Tom says that there is no ink in the ink-pot.

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RULE 5 Pronouns of the first person in direct speech are changed in indirect speech to the same person as the subject of the introductory verb. DIRECT: John said, “I am busy.” INDIRECT: John said that he was busy.

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RULE 6 Pronouns of the second person in direct speech are changed in indirect speech to the same person as the noun or pronoun which comes after the introductory verb. DIRECT: Harish said to me, “You are wrong.” INDIRECT: Harish told me that I was wrong.

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RULE 7 Pronouns of the third person in direct speech remain the same in indirect speech DIRECT: Harish said to me, “He is ill.” INDIRECT: Harsh told me that he was ill.

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RULE 8 When turning a sentence from direct speech into indirect speech, words showing nearness are changed into words showing distance. NOW becomes THEN THIS becomes THAT THESE becomes THOSE HITHER becomes THITHER HERE becomes THERE HENCE becomes THENCE THUS becomes SO COME becomes GO TODAY becomes THAT DAY TOMORROW becomes THE NEXT DAY YESTERDAY becomes THE PREVIOUS DAY LAST NIGHT becomes THE PREVIOUS NIGHT AGO becomes BEFORE

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QUESTIONS In reporting a Question in the indirect speech The introductory verb is changed to ask, inquire, demand, or some other word having a similar meaning; Whether or if is used after such an introductory verb when the direct question has yes or no for an answer; The interrogative form is changed into declarative form; DIRECT: The teacher said to me’ “What is your name?” INDIRECT: The teacher asked me what my name was. DIRECT: Peter said to me, “Do you play cricket?” INDIRECT: Peter asked me whether I played cricket.

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COMMANDS AND REQUESTS In reporting a command or a request in the indirect speech, the introductory verb is changed to request, order, command, beseech, advise, threaten, implore, entreat, or some other word suiting the sense; The verb in the reported speech is put in the infinitive, no conjunction is used and do not changes into not to. DIRECT: He said to the magistrate, “Pardon me.” INDIRECT: He begged the magistrate to pardon him.

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EXCLAMATIONS AND WISHES In reporting an exclamation or wish in the indirect speech The introductory verb is changed into wish, exclaim, pray, cry, bless, declare, etc. with such phrases as with regret, with delight or joy, with sorrow, where necessary; Interjections and exclamations such as alas, hurrah, oh, etc. are omitted and their sense is expressed by means of phrases. DIRECT: They said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.” INDIRECT: They exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

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Indirect Speech into Direct Speech

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STATEMENTS(ASSERTIVE SENTENCES) Find out the reporting verb and the subject or the reporting verb and its object and separate them from the rest of the sentence by means of comma. Remove the conjunction that. The words after the conjunction should be written within the inverted commas. The first word within the inverted commas should begin with a capital letter.

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If the verbs in the reported speech are in the past tense , change them into the corresponding present tense and so on. The pronouns that stand for the subject of the reporting verb should be changed into first person. The pronouns that stand for the object of the reporting verb should be changed into second person and the pronouns for the third person should be left unchanged. The words showing distance change into words showing nearness. INDIRECT: He told his mother that he was not going to attend school anymore. DIRECT: He said, “Mother, I am not going to attend school anymore.”

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IMPERATIVE SENTENCES Find out the infinitive and remove the preposition to. The words that come after to should be written within inverted commas. If there is a word not to, it should be change to do not. If the reporting verb contains verbs like request, beg or pray, use please or kindly as the first word of direct speech. Other changes are like assertive sentences only. INDIRECT: The minister ordered his secretary to hire him a taxi. DIRECT: The minister said, “Secretary , hire me a taxi.”

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INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES ‘Wh’ Questions Find out the question word and separate it from the rest of the sentence by a comma. Place question word at the beginning of the direct speech. The auxiliary verb should come just after the question word. Put a question mark at the sentence. Other changes are like assertive sentences only. INDIRECT: The boy asked his father how he would cross the river. DIRECT: The boy said, “Father, how shall I cross the river?”

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‘Yes’ or ‘No’ type questions Remove the conjunction ‘if’ or ‘whether’. Separate the rest of the sentence by a comma. The auxiliary verb should be placed at the beginning of the direct speech. Put a question mark at the end of the question. Other changes are like assertive sentences only. INDIRECT: I asked her if she liked to act in a drama. DIRECT: I said to her, “Do you like to act in a drama?”

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EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE The reporting verb will be changed into said or said to. Remove the conjunction that. Change the sentence into an exclamatory sentence by adding a proper interjection and an exclamatory mark. Other changes are like assertive sentences only. INDIRECT: The children exclaimed that they were very clever. DIRECT: The children said, “Oh! How clever we are.”