Slide2: 1. The Second Great Awakening “Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Asylum & Penal Reform Education Women’s Rights Abolitionism


Slide3: THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING RELIGIOUS REVIVAL


Slide4: EARLY IN THE 1800’S AND CONTINUING INTO THE MID- 1800’S,THE LARGEST RELI- GIOUS MOVEMENT IN THE HIS- TORY OF AMERICA OCCURRED. IT FOREVER CHANGED THE CULTURAL AND SOCIAL FABRIC OF THE NATION. THIS PRESEN- TATION WILL EXAMINE THE “SECOND GREAT AWAKENING”


CAUSES FOR REVIVAL: CAUSES FOR REVIVAL REV. & CONST. ERA- RISE OF DEISM, UNIVERSALISM, & UNITARIANISM ATTACKS BY CRITICS ON RELIGION EXPANSION WEST


Slide6: THE AM. REV. & CONST. ERA EMPHASIZED FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND “SEPARATION OF CHURCH & STATE”. THIS LOOSENED THE ABILITY OF DENOMINATIONS TO USE STATE AUTHORITY IN LIVES.


DEISM: DEISM BELIEF IN A GOD, BUT GOD IS REMOTE. HE CREATED THE UNIVERSE AND THEN LEFT IT ALONE PREDESTINATION DOES NOT EXIST


2 OUTSPOKEN DEISTS: 2 OUTSPOKEN DEISTS


Slide9: THOMAS PAINE- MAJOR CRITIC OF RELIGION AT THE TIME


Slide10: In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States. -- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832 The Rise of Popular Religion


Slide11: “ CHRISTIANITY IS THE STRANGEST RELIGION EVER SET UP” THOMAS PAINE, IN HIS FAMOUS BOOK THE AGE OF REASON


Slide13: State of American religion in early 18th century         1. 75% of 23 million Americans attended church regularly         2. Many had become more liberal in their thinking             a. Accepted rationalist (Enlightenment) ideas of the French Revolution era influential.             b. Deism, promoted by Thomas Paine, influenced Jefferson, Franklin & other "children" of the Enlightenment.                 i. Relied on reason rather than revelation; on science rather than Bible.                 ii. Rejected concept of original sin and denied Christ's divinity.                iii. Believed in Supreme Being who created a knowable universe and endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior.             c. Deism inspired an important break from Puritanism – Unitarianism                 i. God exists in one person and not the Trinity (Father, Son & Holy Spirit)                 ii. Stressed essential goodness of human nature rather than evil nature.                iii. Free will and salvation through good works                iv. God a loving Father, not a stern creator             d. Unitarianism appealed to intellectuals like Ralph Waldo Emerson who championed rationalism and optimism


Slide14: THE EFFECTS OF WESTWARD EXPANSION


Slide15: PEOPLE WERE SPREAD OUT, ISOLATED, & DID NOT ATTEND CHURCH ANYMORE- CHURCHES WERE LOSING MEMBERS AND MONEY, PEOPLE HAD TO GET BACK TO RELIGION!


Slide16: HOW WAS CITY GROWTH A CAUSE?


Slide17: WHAT ABOUT CITY LIFE?


Slide18: CAMP MEETINGS WERE COMMON


Slide19: CAMP MEETING PLAN (1830’S)


Slide20: PEOPLE HAD TO CHANGE OR BE DAMNED TO HELL FOREVER!- ACTIVE PIETY


Slide21: “The Pursuit of Perfection” In Antebellum America


Slide22: “The Benevolent Empire”: 1825 - 1846


Slide23: The “Burned-Over” District in Upstate New York


Slide24: Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting


Slide25: LYMAN BEECHER (1775-1863)


Slide26: GREATEST PREACHER OF HIS TIME STRESSED THAT PEOPLE HAD TO REFORM THEIR LIVES & THEIR SOCIETY FAMOUS DAUGHTER- KNOW HER NAME?


Slide27: The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation. Charles G. Finney (1792 – 1895) “soul-shaking” conversion


Slide28: CHARLES G. FINNEY (1792-1875) “WE‘RE BACKSLIDERS”


CHARLES G. FINNEY: CHARLES G. FINNEY PREACHED “HELLFIRE & DAMNATION” “RODE THE CIRCUIT”- USED MANY OF TACTICS TV EVANGELISTS USE TODAY


Slide30: TIMOTHY DWIGHT (1752-1817)


Slide31: GRANDFATHER WAS JONATHAN EDWARDS KNOWN THROUGHOUT NEW ENGLAND FOR HIS HYMNS & SERMONS PRESIDENT OF YALE FOR 22 YEARS


Slide32: “THE BURNED OVER DISTRICT”


Slide33: . "Burned-Over District: Western NY, many New England Puritans settled there and region became known for its "hellfire and damnation" sermons -- Fragmentation occurred; New sects included Adventists and Mormons         2. Adventists (or Millerites) had several hundred thousand members.             a. William Miller predicted Christ would return on Oct 22, 1844.             b. Even though the "millennium" never came, the movement continued to grow         3. Mormons         a.  Joseph Smith founded Church of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) in 1830 and wrote the Book of Mormon after having experienced a revelation.             -- Church of Latter Day Saints founded in "Burned-Over District"         b. Mormons persecuted in Ohio, then in Missouri and Illinois.             i. Practice of polygamy created enemies             ii. 1844, Joseph Smith and his brother murdered by mob in Illinois.         c. Brigham Young led Mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah, 1846- 47             i. Community became prosperous frontier theocracy and cooperative commonwealth.                 ii. Cultivated semi-arid Utah by effective & cooperative methods of irrigation.         d. Mormons later broke polygamy laws passed by Congress in 1862 & 1882. -- As a result, it was refused statehood until 1896. 4. Wealthier, better-educated levels of society not as affected by revivalism-- Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists & Unitarians.         5. Poorer communities in the rural South and West most affected by revivalism -- Methodists, Baptists, and other sects.         6. Slavery issue split Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians along sectional lines -- Secession of southern churches foreshadowed secession of southern states.


Slide34: REVIVALS-COMMON EVERYWHERE


Slide35: CANE RIDGE (1801)- KY 1ST REVIVAL, ORIGINAL ALTAR USED


Slide36: EVEN FLOATING CHURCHES TO REACH & SAVE SAILORS WERE BUILT!


Slide37: METHODIST PREACHERS “RODE THE CIRCUIT”


NEW DENOMINATIONS: NEW DENOMINATIONS SOUTHERN BAPTISTS METHODISTS ADVENTISTS SHAKERS MORMONS


WILLIAM MILLER: WILLIAM MILLER PREACHED WORLD WOULD END ON OCT. 22, 1844- LED TO 7TH DAY ADVENTISTS


Slide41: 1816 -> American Bible Society Founded


Slide42: ELIAS BOUDINOT 1ST PRES. OF AM. BIBLE SOCIETY (1816)


“BENEVOLENT EMPIRE”: “BENEVOLENT EMPIRE” AMERICAN EDUCATION SOCIETY (1815)- EDUCATION FOR FUTURE CLERGY AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY (1816)


“BENEVOLENT EMPIRE”: “BENEVOLENT EMPIRE” AMERICAN TRACT SOCIETY (1825) AMERICAN HOME MISSIONARY SOCIETY (1826)


Slide45: STILL EXISTS TODAY- ITS MAIN GOAL WAS AND IS TO GIVE BIBLES TO ANY PERSON OR COUNTRY- FREE OF CHARGE


Slide46: AM. TRACT SOCIETY FREE LITERATURE ON RELIGION


Slide47: "A, is for Adam, who was the first man; He broke God's command, and thus sin began." "B is the Book, which to guide us is given; Though written by men, the words came from heaven." "C, is for Christ, who for sinners was slain; By him - O how freely! - salvation we gain." From The Tract Primer


Slide48: KEPT DETAILED RECORDS OF CONVERSIONS AM. HOME MISSIONARY SOCIETY


Slide49: The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) Joseph Smith (1805-1844) 1830 --> Book of Mormon 1823 --> Golden Tablets


WHAT IS THE OFFICIAL NAME OF MORMON CHURCH?: WHAT IS THE OFFICIAL NAME OF MORMON CHURCH? PERSECUTED & DRIVEN TO ILLINOIS 1844- SMITH & HIS BROTHER WERE MURDERED


Slide51: The Mormon “Trek”


Slide52: The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) Desert community. Salt Lake City, UT Brigham Young (1801-1877)


Slide53: LED MORMONS TO SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, 1846-47


Slide54: MORMON CHURCH TODAY


Slide56: SALT LAKE CITY & BYU


Slide57: Utopian Communities


Slide59: The Oneida Community New York, 1848 John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886) Millenarianism --> the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred. Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. all residents married to each other. carefully regulated “free love.”


Slide60: Robert Owen (1771-1858) Utopian Socialist “Village of Cooperation”


Slide61: Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA George Ripley (1802-1880)


Slide62: Original Plans for New Harmony, IN New Harmony in 1832


Slide63: New Harmony, IN


Slide64: Secular Utopian Communities Individual Freedom Demands of Community Life spontaneity self-fulfillment discipline organizational hierarchy


Slide65: SHAKER CHURCH-WHY CALLED SHAKERS?


Slide66: Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784) If you will take up your crosses against the works of generations, and follow Christ in the regeneration, God will cleanse you from all unrighteousness. Remember the cries of those who are in need and trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may hear your cries. If you improve in one talent, God will give you more. The Shakers


Slide67: Some of Mother Ann Lee’s Sayings... “Clean your room well;  for good spirits will not live where there is dirt. There is no dirt in heaven.” “If you will labor for it, you shall have it.”


Slide68: SHAKER FOUNDER


Slide69: Shaker Meeting


Slide70: Shaker Hymn 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free, 'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be, And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight. When true simplicity is gained To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed, To turn, turn will be our delight, 'Till by turning, turning we come round right.


Slide71: Shaker Simplicity & Utility


Slide72: PLEASANT HILL A SHAKER VILLAGE


Slide74: SHAKER BARN IN PA.


Slide75: “SISTER SHOP”- YARN FACTORY- SEXES WERE SEGREGATED AT WORK


Slide76: GOOD COOKIES (SHAKER RECIPE) 3 cups of sugar 3 eggs 1 cup sour cream 1 teaspoonful saleratus (baking Soda) 1 teaspoonful cream tartar Flour to stiffen, roll thin, or drop, bake in a hot oven.


Slide77: SHAKER SCHOOLHOUSE


Slide78: THE SHAKERS WERE KNOWN FOR THEIR WOOL PRODUCTS


Slide79: LARGE SHAKER HOMES ALWAYS HAD SPIRAL STAIRCASES


Slide80: SHAKER FAMILY DORMITORY HOUSED UP TO 5 FAMILES


Slide81: 19TH CENTURY UTOPIAS BROOK FARM, MASS. (1841-47)


WILDERNESS UTOPIAS: WILDERNESS UTOPIAS VARIOUS REFORMERS OF MID-19TH CENT. DESIRED TO ESCAPE FROM “DOOMED” SOCIETY MORE THAN 40 COMMUNITIES OF A COOPERATIVE NATURE SPRANG UP


WILDERNESS UTOPIAS: WILDERNESS UTOPIAS


WILDERNESS UTOPIAS: WILDERNESS UTOPIAS A. Various reformers set up more than 40 communities of a cooperative, communistic, or "communitarian" nature. -- Disillusioned by materialistic and rapidly industrialized society     B. 1825, New Harmony, Indiana: about 1,000 persons led by Robert Owen-- Communitarian society founded first American kindergarten, first free public school and the first free public library.     C. Brook Farm in Massachusetts by 20 intellectuals lasted between 1841 & 1846-- Several well-known American authors lived there at various times including Nathaniel Hawthorne.     D. Oneida Colony founded in NY in 1848; more radical         1. Practiced free love, birth control, and eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring.             a. Believed in corporate marriage of all members to each other.             b. Communal care of children; equality of genders         2. Colony flourished for over 30 years largely due to its craftsmen making superior steel traps and the manufacturing of silver plates.     E. Shakers -- United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing         1. Established in communistic society in Lebanon, New York.         2. Longest-lived sect beginning in 1776 finally extinct in 1940.         3. Set up about 20 religious communities; membership about 6,000 in 1840         4. Opposition to both marriage and free love led to their extinction.             a. Believed in celibacy, equal spiritual value of men and women, and simplicity of architecture and furnishings.             b. New members were adopted as orphans or recruited through conversion.     F. Amana Community founded in Iowa in 1855         1. Perfectionist communal society; believed in the imminent millennium         2. Manufacturing business from community still in existence. G. Mormons considered by some to be a utopian society – most successful 


Slide85: MOST WERE SHORT-LIVED & INSPIRED BY SECOND GREAT AWAKENING MOST REJECTED ORTHODOX RELIGION- SEEKING NEW PATHS TO FULFILLMENT NEW MODES OF LIVING


WHAT IS A UTOPIA?: WHAT IS A UTOPIA? “AN IDEALLY PERFECT PLACE ESP. IN ITS SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND MORAL ASPECTS” 2 INDIVIDUALS’ WORKS INSPIRED THE UTOPIAN MOVEMENT


CHARLES FOURIER (1772-1837): CHARLES FOURIER (1772-1837) FRENCHMAN, WANTED FARMING COMMUNES OF 1600 PEOPLE


Slide88: “ HARMONY CAN ONLY FLOURISH WHEN SOCIETY’S EMPHASIS ON SELF-GRATIFICATION IS ABOLISHED!” FOLLOWERS KNOWN AS FOURIERISTS


ROBERT OWEN (1771-1858): ROBERT OWEN (1771-1858) UTOPIAN SOCIALIST FACTORY COMMUNE IN SCOTLAND, CAME TO U.S. IN 1824


Slide90: OWEN BOUGHT OUT THE HARMONISTS & THEIR LAND


Slide91: Owen said, “an individual's character was shaped by his or her environment.” Owen therefore believed that by controlling the environment, superior character could be developed which would result in a new utopian social order.


Slide92: SKETCH OF NEW HARMONY, INDIANA BY OWEN


Slide93: HAD THEIR OWN CURRENCY SYSTEM- ONE HOUR’S WORK = ONE HOUR’S MERCHANDISE


Slide94: MEMBERS LIVED IN DORMITORIES


Slide95: BUILT LABYRINTHS “THE DIFFICULT PATH OF LIFE TO REACH HARMONY & PERFECTION”


Slide96: GRANARY


Slide97: FIRE WAGON USED BY OWENITES


GEORGE RAPP (1757-1847): GEORGE RAPP (1757-1847) FOUNDER OF HARMONY,IN. IN 1819 & ECONOMY, PA. IN 1824


Slide99: BELIEVED THE WORLD WOULD END ON SEPT. 15, 1829 FOLLOWERS HAD TO BE PREPARED CELIBACY WAS REQUIRED ACTED LIKE A DICTATOR WAS SWINDLED OUT OF $105,000 BY A MEMBER HE TRUSTED


Slide100: RAPP’S BRIDGE, WESTERN PA. HARMONISTS WERE KNOWN FOR BUILDING THESE


Slide101: CLOTHING WORN BY HARMONISTS


Slide102: RAPP’S MEETING ROOM


Slide103: MAKING BROOMS WAS A COMMON CHORE


Slide104: HARMONIST’S HOME & SHED


FRANCES “FANNY” WRIGHT (1795-1852): FRANCES “FANNY” WRIGHT (1795-1852) NASHOBA, TN. IN 1825


Slide106: CALLED “THE GREAT RED HARLOT” NASHOBA WAS TO HELP EMANCIPATE SLAVES ATHEIST, BELIEVED IN BIRTH CONTROL, WOMEN’S EQUALITY & SUFFRAGE ROBERT OWEN, CO-WROTE THE FREE ENQUIRER


Slide107: 1800’S MAP OF BROOK FARM


GEORGE RIPLEY: GEORGE RIPLEY FOUNDER OF BROOK FARM WAS A FOURIERIST


Slide109: "...to insure a more natural union between intellectuals and manual labor than now exists; to combine the thinker and the worker, as far as possible, in the same individual; to guarantee the highest mental freedom, by providing all with labor adapted to their tastes and talents... whose relations with each other would permit a more wholesome and simple life..."


Slide110: “THE HIVE” AT BROOK FARM- MEETING PLACE & ACTIVITY CENTER


Slide111: “In the mornings everyone in the community would wake at approximately 6:00 am, eat breakfast, and then work for ten hours in the summer or eight hours in the winter. Even so, enjoyment was the first pursuit of Brook Farm. After the work was done and after dinner had been served, there was plenty of time for personal enjoyment and leisure. The members of Brook Farm had an insatiable desire for pleasure: music, dancing, cardplaying, charades, tableaux vivants, dramatic readings, plays, costume parties, picnics, sledding and skating.”


Slide112: NO BUILDINGS REMAIN


Slide113: THE “FRUITLANDS” (1843-47)


Slide114: NEAR HARVARD, MASS.


Slide115: PEOPLE HAD TO FARM & LIVE OFF THE LAND,COULD NOT PURCHASE ANYTHING FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD HAD TO BE A VEGETARIAN “REFORM THE INDIVIDUAL- THEN YOU COULD REFORM SOCIETY”- A.B. ALCOTT


Slide116: FRUITLANDS DID NOT ALLOW COTTON- WHY?


Slide117: AMOS BRONSON ALCOTT-FOUNDER


LOUISA MAY ALCOTT: LOUISA MAY ALCOTT LIVED FOR ONE YEAR AT FRUITLANDS BOOKS SHE WROTE REFLECTS HER LIFE THERE


THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING SERVED AS THE CATALYST THAT PROMPTED A VARIETY OF REFORM MOVEMENTS IN THE MID-1800’S: THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING SERVED AS THE CATALYST THAT PROMPTED A VARIETY OF REFORM MOVEMENTS IN THE MID-1800’S


Slide121: Impact of Second Great Awakening         1. Reaction to growing liberalism (Deism, Unitarianism) in religion around 1800.             a. Began on southern frontier but soon spread to northeastern cities.             b. Became perhaps the most important era in history of American religion             c. Influenced more people than the First Great Awakening.         2. Effects             a. Hundreds of thousands became "born-again" Christians             b. Shattered and reorganized churches and new sects.             c. Fostered new reform movements: Abolitionism, temperance, women's movement, prison reform.         3. Revivalism spread to masses via "camp meetings"             a. As many as 25,000 persons gathered for several days to hear hellfire gospel.             b. Methodists and Baptists benefited most from revivalism.                 i. Both sects stressed personal conversion (contrary to Predestination)                 ii. Relatively democratic control of church affairs.                iii. Emotionalism


Slide123: For 75 years, 100.000 children rode the orphan trains to new homes in the West.


Slide124: 2. Temperance Movement Frances Willard The Beecher Family 1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!


Temperance: Temperance         1. Alcohol abuse rampant in 19th century America ("the Alcoholic Republic")             a. Decreased the efficiency of labor while increasing injuries in the workplace.             b. Family hindered by physical danger to women and children.         2. American Temperance Society (formed in Boston in 1826)             a. Within a few years about 1000 local groups emerged.             b. Urged drinkers to give up alcohol and organized children's clubs.             c. T.S. Arthur’s Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There (1854)                 depicted how a stable village was transformed by a new tavern.                 -- 2nd best seller of the 1850s behind Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.         3. Two Major strategies in early battles against alcohol             a. Temperance -- Moderate use of alcohol rather than abstention             b. Prohibition -- Make alcohol illegal                 i. Dow Law: Neal S. Dow "Father of Prohibition" sponsored Maine Law of 1851                     -- Prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor.                 ii. By 1857, 12 states had passed various prohibitory laws.                iii. Yet, during 1850s, many prohibition laws repealed or overturned         4. Results             a. Much less drinking among women than earlier in the century             b. Less per capita consumption of hard liquor.         5. Temperance was the least sectional of all the reform movements.


Slide126: Annual Consumption of Alcohol


Slide127: The temperance movement was a crusade against the excessive use of alcohol.


Slide128: The Drunkard’s Progress From the first glass to the grave, 1846


TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT: TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT Carrie Nation


Slide130: 3. Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) 1821 --> first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY


Slide131: “…the mentally ill were confined in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens.” Dorothea Dix Dorothea Dix worked to improve treatment of the mentally handicapped.         1. Reported horrible conditions in poorhouses and basements where the insane were often kept in chains.         2. Efforts resulted in improved conditions and influenced the view that the insane were not willfully perverse but mentally ill.             -- 15 states created new hospitals and asylums as a result.     F. Prison reforms 1.  Gave inmates increased access to religious services 2.   Increasingly shifted to rehabilitation rather than punishment G. Practice of imprisoning people for debts reduced significantly


Slide132: 4. Social Reform --> Prostitution The “Fallen Woman” Sarah Ingraham (1802-1887) 1835 --> Advocate of Moral Reform Female Moral Reform Society focused on the men, not the girls.


Slide133: 5. The Anti-Masonic Movement Freemasons Anti-Masons individual belief in God international brotherhood middle- and upper-class appeal elitist and secret un-American & un-democratic anti-republicanism


Slide134: View of a Mason Taking His First Oath


Slide135: The Morgan Affair William Morgan (1774-1827)


Slide136: The Decline of Anti-Masonry 1828 --> they supported J. Q. Adams and not Andrew Jackson. 1831 --> hosted their political convention in Baltimore. 1832 --> ran William Wirt for President. Their pol. strength --> New England & New York Why? By mid-1830s their influence declined. Long-Term Influence: Pol. convention instead of caucuses. Introduced the party platform. Brought lower- and lower-middle class into the political process.


Slide137: 6. Abolitionist Movement 1816 --> American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation. British Colonization Society symbol


Slide138: Abolitionist Movement Create a free slave state in Liberia, West Africa. No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s. Gradualists Immediatists


Slide139: Anti-Slavery Alphabet


Slide140: William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879) Slavery & Masonry undermined republican values. Immediate emancipation with NO compensation. Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue.


Slide141: The Liberator Premiere issue  January 1, 1831


Slide142: The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!


Slide143: Other White Abolitionists Lewis Tappan Arthur Tappan James Birney Liberty Party. Ran for President in 1840 & 1844.


Slide144: Black Abolitionists David Walker (1785-1830) 1829 --> Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.


Slide145: Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) 1845 --> The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass 1847 --> “The North Star”


Slide146: Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree 1850 --> The Narrative of Sojourner Truth


Slide147: Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) Helped over 300 slaves to freedom. $40,000 bounty on her head. Served as a Union spy during the Civil War. “Moses”


Slide148: The Underground Railroad


Slide149: The Underground Railroad “Conductor” ==== leader of the escape “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves “Tracks” ==== routes “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep


THE EARLY WOMEN’S MOVEMENT FOR EQUALITY: THE EARLY WOMEN’S MOVEMENT FOR EQUALITY 1820-1870


Slide151: WHAT WAS THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE MID- 1800’S?


Slide152: MAIN IDEA?


Slide153: 7. “Separate Spheres” Concept “Cult of Domesticity” A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside). Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family. An 1830s MA minister: The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!


Slide154: A WOMAN’S WORLD IN EARLY 1800’S A husband had a legal right to beat his wife "with a reasonable instrument" in most states. The exception was Mass.- adopted a law against it in the1600's.


Slide155: All married women's property and earnings belonged to the husband. The husband had sole control of the children and could legally make his will to give them to strangers, refusing the mother any custody rights. A wife could not make a contract, sue, or make a valid will without her husband's consent.


Slide156: Women were not allowed to speak in public, or to write for any publication. No college or university admitted women.


Slide157: There were no women's organizations, except for small groups of women who met at church sewing circles.


Slide158: Changes in the family         1. Most marriages based on love, not "arrangement".             -- Families became more close-knit and affectionate         2. Families grew smaller             a. Avg. of 6 kids in 1800; less than 5 in 1900; births fell 1/2 during the 19th century.             b. Contraception practiced (although seldom discussed in public)         3. Smaller families meant child-centered families             -- Corporal punishment reduced; more emphasis on shaping than breaking.         4. Children raised to be independent and moral individuals.         5. Outlines of the "modern family" were clear by mid-century


Slide159: BY 1840, 90% OF TEXTILE WORKERS WERE WOMEN


Slide160: BUT THEY HAD NO RIGHT TO VOTE, RUN FOR OFFICE, OR CONTRACT


Slide161: HRS/DAY- LOWELL MILLS, 1845


Slide162: Early 19c Women Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor. Single --> could own her own property. Married --> no control over her property or her children. Could not initiate divorce. Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.


Slide163: What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!


Slide164: Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké Southern Abolitionists Lucy Stone American Women’s Suffrage Assoc. edited Woman’s Journal


Slide165: CATHERINE BEECHER WROTE & TALKED ABOUT THE “CULT OF DOMESTI- CITY”


Slide166: FAVORED WOMEN AS TEACHERS, ROLE AS NUTURING CHILDREN WAS CRUCIAL


Slide167: WHO WERE SOME OF THE EARLY PIONEERS?


Slide168: THE EARLY WOMEN’S MVT. MADE A FEW INROADS & RAISED AWARENESS, BUT WAS OVERSHADOWED BY ABOLTIONISM BY THE 1850’S


Slide169: LUCRETIA MOTT 1793-1880


Slide170: DISCRIMINATION BY ANTI-SLAVERY ORGANIZATIONS CAUSED HER TO BEGIN TO FIGHT FOR WOMEN’S RIGHTS ORGANIZER OF THE SENECA FALLS CONVENTION


Slide171: ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (1815-1902)


Slide172: ACTIVIST, DEVOTED TO WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE & REFORM OF DIVORCE AND PROPERTY LAWS ORGANIZER OF THE SENECA FALLS CONVENTION WITH LUCRETIA MOTT


Slide173: SUSAN B. ANTHONY (1820-1906)


Slide174: DEVOTED 50 YEARS TO WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE MET ELIZABETH C. STANTON IN 1851, INSEPERABLE TILL DEATH ARRESTED & FINED IN 1872 FOR VOTING, REFUSED TO PAY


Slide175: ANTHONY & STANTON IN LATER LIFE


Slide176: NEWSPAPER BY ANTHONY AND STANTON- TITLE?


Slide177: THE GRIMKE’ SISTERS SARAH ANGELINA


Slide178: BOTH QUAKERS SAW EVILS OF SLAVERY FROM CHILDHOOD ACTIVE IN ABOLITION & WOMEN’S RIGHTS 1870- LED 40 WOMEN TO CAST SYMBOLIC VOTES


Slide179: LUCY STONE 1818-1893


Slide180: FIRST IN MASS.TO EARN COLLEGE DIPLOMA FIRST TO KEEP MAIDEN NAME AFTER MARRIAGE REFUSED TO PAY HER TAXES BECAUSE WOMEN COULD NOT VOTE FIRST TO BE CREMATED


Slide181: “WE THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.” WHICH “WE, THE PEOPLE?”


Slide182: A “LUCY STONER” IS A WOMAN WHO KEEPS HER MAIDEN NAME AFTER MARRIAGE


Slide183: AMELIA BLOOMER 1818-1894


Slide184: ANTI- SLAVERY, PRO- TEMPERANCE, AND WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE, VERY ACTIVE NEWSPAPER, THE LILY, LEADING VOICE FOR WOMEN


Slide185: FIRST NEWSPAPER IN AMERICA TO BE OWNED AND OPERATED BY WOMEN


Slide186: WHAT WAS BLOOMER FAMOUS FOR?


Slide187: ELIZABETH BLACKWELL (1821-1910)


Slide188: FIRST WOMAN TO GET A MEDICAL DEGREE (1847) & PRACTICE PIONEER IN WOMEN’S MEDICINE


Slide189: ROBERT DALE OWEN 1801-1877 MALE LEADER OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS


Slide190: SON OF RBT. OWEN (NEW HARMONY) NEWSPAPER, FREE ENQUIRER, ADVOCATED WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE & ABOLITION LATER, CONVINCED LINCOLN TO EMANCIPATE SLAVES


Slide191: A HISTORIC AND LANDMARK EVENT FOR WOMEN


Slide192: “The world has never yet seen a truly great and virtuous nation, because in the degradation of woman the very fountains of life are poisoned at their source . . .” E. STANTON


Slide193:           a. Organized by Stanton and Mott             b. "Declaration of Sentiments": "...all men and women are created equal."             c. One resolution formally demanded women’s' suffrage.             d. Launched the modern woman's rights movement                 -- Fiercely opposed by the press and churches.             e. Attended by 61 women and 34 men.         4. Woman's movement overshadowed by abolitionism and Civil War.         5. Gains prior to Civil War             a. Women gradually admitted to college b. Starting in Mississippi in 1839, women could own property after marriage.


Slide194: ATTENDEES OF THE SENECA FALLS CONVEN- TION JULY 19-20, 1848


Slide195: SENECA FALLS- TODAY


Slide196: SENECA FALLS- TODAY


Slide197: MONUMENT TO WOMEN’S MOVT. AT THE CAPITOL


Slide198: 8. Women’s Rights 1840 --> split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it. London --> World Anti-Slavery Convention Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1848 --> Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments


Slide199: Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) “Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.” “Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL,to create an original relationship with the Universe.


Transcendentalism : Transcendentalism         1. Heavily influenced by Romanticism in Europe. 2. Emerged in New England during 2nd quarter of the 19th century             a. Resulted in part from a liberalizing of Puritanism.             b. Influenced by German romantic philosophers.         3. Philosophy             a. Truth "transcends" the senses: cannot not be found by empiricism alone.             b. Every person possesses an inner light that can illuminate the highest truth and put him/her in direct touch with God, or the "Oversoul."             c. Individualism in matters of religion as well as social.                 i. Commitment to self-reliance, self-culture, and self-discipline.                 ii. Hostile to formal institutions of any kind and conventional wisdom.


Slide201: Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature (1832) Walden (1854) Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) Self-Reliance (1841) “The American Scholar” (1837)


Transcendentalists: Transcendentalists Walt Whitman (1819-1892) – Leaves of Grass (1855) –"America's Poet" "Swiftly arose and spread around me the peace and joy and ----knowledge that pass all the art and argument of the earth; And I know that the hand of God is the elderhand of my own, And I know that the spirit of God is the eldest brother of my own, And that all men ever born are also my brothers... and the ----women my sisters and lovers." (from 'Song of Myself') Margaret Fuller -- published "The Dial"


Slide203: Pursuit of the ideal led to a distorted view of human nature and possibilities: * The Blithedale Romance The Anti-Transcendentalist: Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) Accept the world as an imperfect place: * Scarlet Letter * House of the Seven Gables


Individualists and Dissenters: Individualists and Dissenters         1. Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)             -- Excelled in the short story: Explored the world of the spirit and the emotions         2. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter (1850); The Marble Faun (1860)         3. Herman Melville (1819-1891): Moby Dick; Type; Billy Budd


Nationalistic Literature : Nationalistic Literature     A. American literature received a strong boost from nationalism after War of 1812.     B. Knickerbockers Group in NY had some of America's greatest early writers.         1. Washington Irving (1783-1859)             a. First American to win international recognition as a literary figure.             b. Also a historian: Washington's biography and other historical works.         2. James Fennimore Cooper (1789-1851)             a. First American novelist to gain world fame. b. Utilized American themes in his works.             c. The Spy (1821), Leatherstocking Tales; Last of the Mohicans         3. William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)             -- "Thanatopsis" (1817) -- One of first high-quality poems by an American.


Journalism : Journalism         1. Newspaper industry bolstered by increased literacy         2. Tabloid journalism focused on murders, scandals, & other human interest stories (similar to today)         3. Decades just before the Civil War marked the golden age of personal journalism             a. Horace Greeley -- editor and owner of New York Tribune (founded in 1841)                 i.  Extremely influential in forming public opinion. (even outside New York)                 ii. Fierce abolitionist


Slide207: 11. Educational Reform Religious Training --> Secular Education MA --> always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools. By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.


Education : Education         1. Public Education             a. Support for free public education gradually supported by wealthy citizens             b. Tax-supported public education triumphed between 1825 and 1850 in the East and West (less so in the South)                  i. Laborers increasingly demanded education for their children.                 ii. Increased manhood suffrage meant workers pushed free education for their children.             c. Horace Mann                 i. Argued key to reform in U.S. society was better education                 ii. Established state normal schools to better train teachers in Massachusetts                iii. Influence spread to other states and impressive improvements made.             d. Secondary education lagged;1 million people still illiterate by 1860                 -- Slaves forbidden to learn reading or writing; even free northern blacks were usually excluded from schools


Noah Webster: Noah Webster             a. Dictionary helped standardize American English             b. Readers and grammar books used by millions of children in 19th century                 -- Partly designed to promote patriotism


EDUCATION: EDUCATION Father of Education Free Public Schools Teacher Training in Normal Schools Longer School Year State Board of Education Horace Mann


Slide211: “Father of American Education” Horace Mann (1796-1859) children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials children should be “molded” into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishment established state teacher- training programs


Slide212: The “McGuffey Eclectic Readers” Used religious parables to teach “American values.” Teach middle class morality and respect for order. Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)


Slide213: Women Educators Troy, NY Female Seminary curriculum: math, physics, history, geography. train female teachers Emma Willard (1787-1870) Mary Lyons (1797-1849) 1837 --> she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women.


Nationalistic Artistic Achievements : Nationalistic Artistic Achievements     A. Thomas Jefferson probably finest American architect of his generation         -- Brought classical design to Monticello while the quadrangle of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville is one of best examples of classical architecture in U.S.     B. Artists         1. Gilbert Stuart among the best American painters of the era.             -- Several portraits of Washington, all somewhat idealized         2. Charles Willson Peale painted portraits of prominent Americans     C. Hudson River School of Art         1. Romantic depictions of local landscapes 2. Became a uniquely American genre; glorification of American landscape     D. Louis Daguerre invented a crude photograph--the daguerreotype.     E. Music: Stephen Foster wrote famous minstrel songs (“darky tunes”) and later, sentimental songs. -- Minstrel shows became most popular form of entertainment in mid- to late- 19th century (very racist by today’s standards)