THE DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA: THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR :THE DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA: THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR


EARLY FRENCH EXPLORATION :EARLY FRENCH EXPLORATION A FOOTHOLD IN THE NEW WORLD


France was late in coming to the New World :France was late in coming to the New World 1. Much religious conflict between Catholics and Huguenots (Calvinists)         2. Edict of Nantes (1598): Granted limited toleration to French Protestants             a. Religious wars ceased             b. France became dominant power in 17th c. Europe led by Louis XIV     B. French established Quebec in 1608 (a year after Jamestown)         1. Founded by Samuel de Champlain ("Father of New France")             a. Entered friendship with local Huron Indians, the enemies of the Iroquois             b. Significance: Iroquois, in retaliation, later kept the French from expanding into the Ohio Valley, ravaged French settlements, and allied with the British     C. Government         1. No popularly elected assemblies or trial by jury.         2. French population in New France grew slowly -- only 6,000 whites by 1750


JACQUESCARTIER1534-36FOUNDER OF NEW FRANCE :JACQUESCARTIER1534-36FOUNDER OF NEW FRANCE


Slide 5:WHAT RIVER DID HE DISCOVER?


SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN160 :SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN160 FOUNDER OF QUEBEC


Slide 7:WHO WILL SETTLE HERE BY THE 1630’S?


Slide 8:DRAWN BY CHAMPLAIN


Slide 9:BUILDING OF A FORT AT QUEBEC


New France expands in North America :New France expands in North America 1.  Of the European powers, the French were the most successful in creating aneffective trading relationship with the Amerindians.             a.    British settlers sought to remove or exterminate them.             b.    Spanish sought to Christianize them and subdued them in missions.             c.    The French became great gift givers (the key to getting on with Amerindians who based their inter-tribal relationships on gift giving) during last two decades of the 17th century.                     i.    Trade not seen as a transact ion or contract (like in Europe).                     ii.    Trade seen by Amerindians as a continuing process.                     iii.    When one group stopped trading with another, it was tantamount to declaring war.         2.  Beaver trade led to exploration of much of North America:             a.  Heavy demand for fur in European fashion.             b.  Coureurs de bois (runners of the woods) were rough frontiersmen                   heavily involved in fur trading.             c.  Voyageurs: French seamen who recruited Amerindians into the fur trade         3. Jesuits: Catholic Missionaries who sought to convert Amerindians and save them from the fur trappers.             a.    Some were brutally killed by Amerindians (although in the eyes of Amerindians, Jesuits held up best to torture and were thus more respected).             b. Played a vital role as explorers and geographers


Slide 11:CHAMPLAIN MADE AN ALLIANCE WITH THE HURONS & STARTED THE FUR TRADE FOR FRANCE


Slide 12:HURONS WOULD FIGHT AGAINST THE COLONISTS & PREVENT THEM FROM MOVING WESTWARD


ROBERT LASALLE :ROBERT LASALLE


Slide 14:IN 1670’S HE EXPLORED WHAT GREAT RIVER?


Slide 15:WHAT DID HE NAME THIS REGION?


Slide 16:LOUISIANA IS NAMED FOR LOUIS XIV (1643-1715) LONGEST REIGN EVER


NEW FRANCE IN LATE 1600’S :NEW FRANCE IN LATE 1600’S SCATTERED FUR TRADING POSTS COUREURS de BOIS & VOYAGEURS MANY INDIAN ALLIANCES (HURON) FORTS BUILT ON EDGES OF CLAIMS TO KEEP OUT BRITISH KEY SETTLEMENTS- MONTREAL, QUEBEC, NEW ORLEANS


Slide 18:FRANCE’S GOLD


Slide 19:COUREUR DE BOIS FRENCH FUR TRADER


Slide 20:VOYAGEURS EXPLORING THE N. AM. INTERIOR


Slide 21:FORT NIAGRA , NY. FRENCH BUILT OVER 100 FORTS IN THE INTERIOR


Slide 22:FORT DETROIT


Slide 23:NEW WORLD IN 1750 WHAT PROBLEM DO YOU SEE HERE?


CLASH OF EMPIRES :CLASH OF EMPIRES SPAIN & FRANCE V. ENGLAND 1688-1763- FOUR MAJOR WARS IN EUROPE SKIRMISHES IN COLONIAL AMERICA


Clash of Empires: English, French, & Spanish :Clash of Empires: English, French, & Spanish A. Four world wars between 1688 and 1763         1. King William's War (1689-1697) -- and Queen Anne's War (1702-1713)             a.    British colonials fought French coureurs de bois and Indian allies                   (except Mohawks of the Iroquois confederacy)             b. Treaty of Utrecht (1713) ended colonial wars for nearly three decades.             c. In American colonies, a generation of peace ensued; "salutary neglect"                 i. Whig prime minister, Robert Walpole, believed if the colonies were left alone to run their own affairs with minimal interference, they would   produce more wealth and commerce, prosper, and cause less trouble.                 ii.  England would simply provide peace, protection, commerce, ensure                     law and order and domestic tranquility, and send more British                     immigrants to America to increase numbers of British customers.         2. King George's War (1744-1748) (War of Austrian Succession)             a. Spain again allied with France against Britain.             b. New Englanders again invaded New France and took the important                 city of Louisbourg commanding the entrance to St. Lawrence River.             e. Peace Treaty of 1748                     i. England gave Louisbourg back to the French in order to help                        negotiations for a cease-fire in the European war.                     ii. British colonists were furious; felt vulnerable from the North.


Slide 26:CONFLICTING LAND CLAIMS BY FRENCH AND BRITISH (VIRGINIA)


Slide 27:ROYAL CHARTERS’ CLAIMS RAN OCEAN TO OCEAN


French & Indian War (1754-1763 -- Seven Years' War :French & Indian War (1754-1763 -- Seven Years' War ) --most important             of the colonial wars.             a. Main issue was the Ohio Valley                 i. British were pushing west into it; wary of French influence in North America                ii. French needed to retain it to link Canada with the lower                     Mississippi valley & Caribbean.             b. Washington’s Ohio Mission -- Battle near Fort Duquesne -- May, 1754                 i. Lt. Col. George Washington sent by Virginia gov’t to forks of Ohio River to prevent French from building fort there; hoped instead to build a Br. fort.                 ii. Washington defeated and forced to surrender his entire command but allowed to leave with his army intact.                 iii. In effect, Washington triggered a world war.             c. British retaliated by clamping down in Nova Scotia                 i. Relocated 4,000 Nova Scotians throughout the continent including Louisiana.                 ii. French-speaking Acadians became the descendants of modern day "Cajuns"             d. War widened into hitherto largest world war: 25,000 American colonials fought


Slide 29:LT. GOV. ROBERT DINWIDDIE


Slide 30:WANTS FARMLAND IN OHIO R. VALLEY RECRUITS LT. COL. GEORGE WASHINGTON TO TELL FRENCH TO VACATE FORT DUQUESNE & REGION


Slide 31:ACTUAL SIGNATURE


Slide 32:FORT NECESSITY- 293 MEN CAPTURED JULY 3, 1754


Slide 33:SITE OF FIRST SHOTS OF FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR


Slide 34:WASHINGTON, ONLY 21, AND HIS MEN WERE ALLOWED TO LEAVE BUT TOLD NEVER TO RETURN- THE WAR BEGINS!


Slide 35:WILLIAM PITT


Slide 36:“ORGANIZER OF VICTORY” FAVORED GREATER COLONIAL FREEDOM PITTSBURGH, PA WILL BE NAMED FOR HIM


Slide 37:EARLY BLUNDERS LITTLE HELP FROM ENGLAND FAILURE OF COLONIES TO UNITE POOR STRATEGY & TACTICS


Albany Congress (1754) :Albany Congress (1754) i. Board of Trade called leaders from all the colonies to meet in Albany to discuss Amerindian problem and meet with Iroquois.                 ii. Iroquois refused to commit themselves to the British                 iii. Long-range purpose: greater colonial unity; strong defense against France.             f. Albany Plan for Union                i.    Benjamin Franklin created plan for colonial home rule: dealt with defenseand Indian affairs.                         -- Adopted by delegates                         -- Individual colonies rejected it: not enough independence                         -- British rejected it: too much independence                ii. (see Franklin's cartoon: "Join, or Die")


Slide 40:WHO IS THE AUTHOR? WHAT DOES THE CARTOON TELL US ABOUT THE ALBANY PLAN OF UNION?


BRADDOCK’S BLUNDER :BRADDOCK’S BLUNDER


SET OUT FROM VA. IN 1755 WITH 2000 MEN TO CAPTURE FT. DUQUESNE-AMBUSHED ALONG THE WAY- TROOPS SAVED BY WASHINGTONBritish General Braddock defeated a few miles from Fort Duquesne by smaller French & Indian forces (1755) :SET OUT FROM VA. IN 1755 WITH 2000 MEN TO CAPTURE FT. DUQUESNE-AMBUSHED ALONG THE WAY- TROOPS SAVED BY WASHINGTONBritish General Braddock defeated a few miles from Fort Duquesne by smaller French & Indian forces (1755)


British launched full-scale invasion of Canada in 1756 but failed. :British launched full-scale invasion of Canada in 1756 but failed.


Slide 46:WILLIAM PITT- NEW WAR STRATEGY ADOPTED – CAPTURE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER REGION- WHY WILL THIS WORK? LOOK AT A MAP AND THINK ABOUT NEW FRANCE


(The "Great Commoner") :(The "Great Commoner") William Pitt (The "Great Commoner") – became leader of British gov’t                 i. Very popular among the British people; his success in the war led to                     Ft. Duquesne being renamed Pittsburgh.                 ii. Strategy: focus on France in North America in order to win the war.


Slide 48:1758- FALL OF FT. LOUISBOURG


Slide 49:WHY IS THIS BATTLE SIGNIFICANT?


Slide 50:GENERAL LORD JEFFERY AMHERST


Slide 51:CAPTURED FORTS NIAGRA, CROWN POINT, &TICONDEROGA- GAVE SMALL POX-INFESTED BLANKETS TO INDIANS


Slide 52:1759- THE BATTLE OF QUEBEC THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM


Battle of Quebec (1760) :Battle of Quebec (1760) i. Pitt appointed James Wolfe to take Quebec                 ii.British successful on the Plains of Abraham (near Quebec) but Wolfe & French commander de Montaclm were killed.                 iii. One of most significant battles in British & American history.


Slide 54:THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM TODAY


Slide 55:GEN. JAMES WOLFE


Slide 57:WHY IS THIS KNOWN AS AN HISTORICAL NARRATIVE PAINTING?


Slide 58:THE OCCUPATION OF MONTREAL 1760


Slide 59:THE TREATY OF PARIS FRANCE LOSES ALL ENG. GETS CANADA & LOUISIANA EAST OF MISS. R. SPAIN GETS LA. WEST OF MISS R. (SEE MAPS)


France was removed :France was removed Peace of Paris (1763): In effect, France was removed from North America (Technically, land west of Mississippi River still French but not yet settled.) -- Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in North America and as the leading naval power in the world.


Slide 61:BEFORE 1763


Slide 62:AFTER 1763


Slide 63:WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF THE F & I WAR ON THE COLONIES?


F & I WAR IMPACT :F & I WAR IMPACT SECURITY & CONFIDENCE NATIONALISM EMERGENCE OF AM. HEROES CONTINUED INDIAN PROBLEMS WHO SHOULD PAY FOR DEBT CREATED BY WAR- COLONIES OR ENGLAND?


Friction between the colonies and Britain :Friction between the colonies and Britain Friction between the colonies and Britain during and after French and Indian War. A. Colonies emerged from war with increased confidence in their military strength--Colonial military leaders angry few Americans were promoted in British army     B. British upset American shippers traded with Spanish and French West Indies             1. Enemy Indians were aided by increased foodstuffs             2. British forbade export of all supplies from New England & Middle colonies during last year of the war.             3. Some colonials refused to supply troops: saw economic gain as more important than loyalty to Britain. -- Only later agreed to commit troops when Pitt offered to substantially reimburse colonies.     C.  American westward colonial expansion increased significantly after the war             1. French barrier west of the Appalachians was removed             2. Spanish and Indian threats removed in many areas             3. Settlers no longer as dependent on British protection in the frontier.


HERO- GEORGE WASHINGTON :HERO- GEORGE WASHINGTON


HERO- GEN. JOHN STARK :HERO- GEN. JOHN STARK HE SAID, “LIVE FREE, OR DIE”


MAJOR ROBERT ROGERS-FOUNDEDROGERS’RANGERS :MAJOR ROBERT ROGERS-FOUNDEDROGERS’RANGERS


Slide 69:BECAME THE ARMY AIRBORNE RANGERS


Slide 70:INDIAN PROBLEMS


Slide 71:FRENCH WERE GONE BUT NOT INDIANS HATED COLONISTS- WOULD DESTROY LAND FOR FARMING INDIAN UPRISINGS ALONG THE FRONTIER


PONTIAC’S REBELLION-1763 :PONTIAC’S REBELLION-1763


Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) :Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) 1.    Indians in Ohio Valley region angered at British treatment of Indians                    during the last years of the French and Indian War.         2.    Chief Pontiac, Ottowa chief, refused to surrender his lands to the British although France (their ally in the war) had lost and were now gone.             3.    Chief Pontiac led an Indian alliance against whites in the Ohio Valley & Great Lakes region in 1763                a.    9 of 11 British forts taken; several wiped out.                 b.   Perhaps 2,000 lives lost during first 6 mos. of conflict, many more driven from their homes on the frontier back to more settled areas.                     c.    It took British 18 months to bring the rebellion under control.             4. British retaliated with germ warfare: blankets infected with smallpox distributed among the Native Americans             5. Rebellion subdued in October, 1763


Slide 74:ATTEMPTED TO TAKE FORT DETROIT


Slide 75:AS A RESULT, WHAT LINE WAS DRAWN? WHY DID IT ANGER THE COLONISTS?


Proclamation of 1763 :Proclamation of 1763 1. In response to Pontiac’s rebellion, George III signed an edict creating royal colonies in all newly acquired lands in the Treaty of Paris.             2. Prohibited colonials to move west of the Appalachians                 a. Line drawn from Canada to Florida along the crest of the Appalachians intended to be temporary measure..                 b. British aim: Settle land disputes with Indians fairly to prevent more uprisings like Pontiac's and organize eventual settlement and defense             3. Colonials infuriated: viewed edict as being permanent.            a. Many veterans had fought in the war and felt betrayed            b. Land speculators argued that the land was a birthright of British citizens.             4. Colonials generally ignored the Proclamation