New Worlds:: New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania


Ancient America and Africa: Ancient America and Africa .


The Peoples of America Before Columbus: The Peoples of America Before Columbus


Migration to the Americas: Migration to the Americas Archaeologists have unearthed remains pointing to the arrival of humans in America at about 35,000 B.C.E. Scientists generally agree that the first inhabitants of the Americas were nomadic travelers from Siberia. These peoples traversed an ancient land bridge which connected northeast Asia with Alaska.


Hunters, Farmers, and Environmental Factors: Hunters, Farmers, and Environmental Factors The first wave of humans found an abundance of megafauna: gigantic animals. Changes in environment and over-hunting wiped most out. Adaptable humans learned to exploit new sources of food from plants in the agricultural revolution. Erosion, deforestation, and salinization added to America’s environmental stresses over the centuries.


Mesoamerican Empires: Mesoamerican Empires Mesoamerica: the middle region bridging the great land masses of North and South America. The Aztec people of present-day Mexico numbered about 20 million in 1492. The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan later became Mexico City. Aztec society was divided into four classes: nobility, free commoners, serfs, and slaves.


Regional North American Cultures: Regional North American Cultures In the southwestern region of North America, Hohokam and Anasazi societies developed established communities thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans (who called them the “Pueblo” people). Native peoples of the Pacific Northwest formed societies emphasizing fishing, wood craftsmanship and ceremonies such as the Potlatch. Several societies of Mound Builders developed in the Mississippi River valley and Great Plains.


The Iroquois: The Iroquois A confederation of five distinct tribes with unified land and goals: The Mohawk (People of the Flint) The Oneidas (People of the Stone) The Onondagas (People of the Mountain) The Cayuga (People at the Landing) The Seneca (Great Hill People)


Pre-Contact Population: Pre-Contact Population Recently, scholars have estimated that the pre-contact population of America north of the Rio Grande stood at about 4 million. Some estimates put the population of the Western Hemisphere at about 50 to 70 million at the same period.


Contrasting Worldviews: Contrasting Worldviews The stark differences in European and American cultures stemmed from perceptions of social relationships and interaction with the environment. Differences included concepts of property and communal ownership of goods and food sources.


Africa on the Eve of Contact: Africa on the Eve of Contact


The Spread of Islam: The Spread of Islam Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, began preaching the tenants of his revelations in 610 B.C.E. Islam spread rapidly across the Arabian Peninsula and the whole of northern Africa. Eventually, the religion encompassed most of the Eastern Hemisphere.


The Kingdoms of Central and West Africa: The Kingdoms of Central and West Africa The Ghana Empire The Mali Empire The Songhai Empire The Kongo Kingdom


African Slavery: African Slavery Slavery existed as a normal social condition in this period and had little to do with skin color. Slaves were a sign of wealth for the owners, who treated their property very well. The status of slavery was not inherited and always held the potential for reversal.


The African Ethos: The African Ethos As in Europe, the center of African social organization was the family unit, which was often matrilineal. Individualism was seen as distasteful and widely disdained. Africans believed in a Supreme Creator and worshipped ancestors.


Europe on the Eve of Invading the Americas: Europe on the Eve of Invading the Americas


The Rebirth of Europe: The Rebirth of Europe Stemmed from revived Italian trade with long-distance ports. Led to a rediscovery of forgotten ancient knowledge. Economic and political implications for societies that survived the Black Death. Enclosure of estates Development of English Parliament


The New Monarchies and the Expansionist Impulse: The New Monarchies and the Expansionist Impulse From 1450 onwards, France, England, and Spain sought social and political stability. Economic distress, civil disorder, plague, and Renaissance culture encouraged impulses to expand into the New World. The Europeans ultimately hoped to discover an eastern oceanic route to Asia and exploit the African gold trade.


The Explorers: The Explorers


EARLY EXPLORATIONAND DISCOVERY: THE VIKINGS & PORTUGUESE: EARLY EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY: THE VIKINGS & PORTUGUESE


Slide31: MAP OF WORLD IN 1502


Slide32: WHAT’S MISSING? WHY?


THE FIRST EUROPEANS TO THE NEW WORLD: THE NORSEMEN: THE FIRST EUROPEANS TO THE NEW WORLD: THE NORSEMEN


ERIK THE RED: ERIK THE RED


LEIFERIKSSON: LEIF ERIKSSON


Slide39: VIKING FLAG


Glory, God and Gold: Glory, God and Gold Voyages and Adventures America 1500


European Explorers: European Explorers          A.    Non-Europeans came prior to Columbus but did not stay.                 1.    Afro-Phoenicians c. 1000 B.C.-300 AD may have reached Central America                 2.    West Africa (Mali) c. 1311-1460 sailed to Haiti, Panama, possibly Brazil B. Vikings & Leif Erickson had temporary settlement at New Foundland c. 1000 AD        C. European Motives for Exploration in the Age of Discovery 1. Emerging nation-states sought power and hoped to out-compete rivals 2.  New military technology enabled Europeans to dominate from c. 1500 on. 3.  Economics      a.  Need for new markets esp. from the East (e.g., spices)      b.  Mercantilism required new sources of precious metals, and furs. 4. Competition between Catholics and Protestants became conflict of national purposes


Science and technology allowed for extended exploration:: Science and technology allowed for extended exploration:                  a.  Portuguese and Spanish mapped prevailing winds and currents in oceans over most of the globe.                  b.  Studied, copied and improved designs of Arab vessels.                  c.  Used compass and astrolabe (for latitude).                  d.  Mounted cannon on decks


Slide43: PORTUGAL


Henry the Navigator: Henry the Navigator To bring Portugal more trade and power and to spread Christianity, this prince sponsored expeditions beyond the safety of the Mediterranean. Glory, God or Gold?


Slide47: MONUMENT TO PRINCE HENRY


FIRST TO REACH FAR EAST: FIRST TO REACH FAR EAST AROUND AFRICA AND CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, ON TO INDIA,THEN TO CHINA BECAME WEALTHY & POWERFUL


Slide49: WHY THIS DESIGN ON SHIPS?


BARTHOLOMEU DIAS/DIAZ-: BARTHOLOMEU DIAS/DIAZ- SAILED TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE


Slide51: WHY THE NAME THE ‘CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ?’


Slide52: FIRST TO FIND FAR EAST VIA AN ALL-WATER-ROUTE IN 1497 (5 YEARS AFTER COLUMBUS)


Slide54: PEDRO CABRAL


Slide55: FOLLOWED DIAS’ ROUTE BUT WAS BLOWN 100 MILES OFF COURSE


Slide56: NAME THE REGION HE CLAIMED- TO THIS DAY, THEY SPEAK PORTUGESE, NOT SPANISH


Slide57: VASCO DA GAMA


Columbus: Columbus Sailed west to Indies Landed on the Bahamas Sailed for Spain (King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella


The Columbian Voyages: The Columbian Voyages Intending to discover an oceanic passage to Asia, in 1492 Christopher Columbus instead mistakenly discovered the Americas.


First Voyage: Discovery: First Voyage: Discovery Crew: 87, 84 Andalucian sailors. Only 4 criminals seeking pardons Problems: superstitions of crew (sea monsters, fall off edge of world)—Columbus disciplined severely, minimized distances (falsely) so they wouldn’t know how far they’d gone. Failures: didn’t really find the Indies or China; didn’t find the riches expected Successes: found new lands for Spain, found western and eastern routes that took full advantage of prevailing currents and winds


Slide62: WHO IS HE? WHAT IS HIS MAJOR FEAT?


Magellan: Magellan Searched for passage to Pacific Ocean Sailed through “straits of Magellan” Died in Philippines Crew lst to circumnavigate the world


Slide65: MAGELLAN WAS KILLED HERE IN 1521 WHERE IS THIS?


Cabot: Cabot Sailed for England Landed on coast of New-foundland Gave England claim to North America


Juan Cabrillo: Juan Cabrillo Juan Cabrillo -- sailed as far north as Oregon, discovered San Diego Bay.               --  Laid basis for Spain’s claims to northern Pacific Coast of North America. 


Father Junipero Serra: Father Junipero Serra Father Junipero Serra founded first mission in San Diego in 1769.                                    -- 20 missions followed with 4 presidios -- Franciscan friars c.    Transplanted laws, religion and language and laid foundations for a score of


Ponce de Leon: Ponce de Leon 1st to land on the mainland of North America Looking for “fountain of youth” Established St. Augustine, Florida


De Soto: De Soto Sailed for Spain Explored Mississippi River – Present-day Oklahoma


Coronado: Coronado Looking for fabled seven cities of gold Explored present-day Arizona and New Mexico


Cortes: Cortes Spanish Conquistador Conquered Aztec emperor Montezuma


Balboa: Balboa Spanish Explorer Claimed Pacific Ocean and adjoining lands for Spain


Pizzaro: Pizzaro Conquered the Inca Empire


Vespucci: Vespucci Amerigo Vespucci America was named after him


The Columbian Exchange: The Columbian Exchange Imported animals from Europe (cattle, goats, pigs, etc.) devastated the fragile environment of the New World. Various plants (especially weeds) imported accidentally from Europe caused significant damage to the ecosystem


Potatoes: Potatoes


Beans: Beans


Chocolate: Chocolate


Buffalo: Buffalo


Beaver: Beaver


Parrots: Parrots


From Europe -: From Europe - Oranges


Onion: Onion


Sheep: Sheep


Horses: Horses


Cattle: Cattle


Honeybees: Honeybees


Pigs: Pigs


Chickens: Chickens


Diseases: Diseases Small Pox


Influenza: Influenza


Measles: Measles


The Spanish Conquest of America: The Spanish Conquest of America


Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)          a.   Spain secured its claim to Columbus's discoveries         b.   New World divided: Portugal got Brazil + territory in Africa & Asia; Spanish               dominated North and South America.         c.   Spain thus never had access to West African slave trade.   3.   Motives for discovery: Lure of gold and conversion of pagan natives to Christianity. 


Religious differences between Amerindians and Europeans: Religious differences between Amerindians and Europeans 1.    Christian view:         a. Bible: God gave Adam dominion over animals and plants.         b. Bible did not mention Indians. What were they? Where did they come from?         c. Sacrificial temples, skull racks, cannibalism and snake motifs of Mesoamerica             meant Aztecs worshipped Satan in eyes of Europeans. n      Yet, 100,000 "witches" killed between 1500-1700 in Europe n      Spanish Inquisition burned thousands n      Amerindians saw these too as human sacrifices 2.      Amerindian view: a.  Had nothing in comparison for commodification of plants and animals. b.  Christians ate their own god (Eucharist) but less outraged at lesser human sacrifice to please Indian god. (Very confusing.) c.  Amerindians had no concept of heaven (in Christian sense); disliked Christian heaven because few souls there were Indian; preferred to be buried with ancestors.


The Spanish Caribbean: The Spanish Caribbean Spanish mariners meet indigenous Tainos (Arawaks) Originally from Orinoco River valley in South America, settled in Caribbean in late centuries BCE through 900 CE Columbus uses Hispaniola (Haiti-Dominican Republic) as base for trading with Tainos Disappointed that Tainos had no spices, silks Recruit locals to mine gold instead Encomienda: Forced labor


Caribbean Experiments: Caribbean Experiments Columbus’s second voyage to the New World established the first Spanish colony in the Americas (in present-day Santo Domingo). Tainos were the first indigenous people to meet the Spaniards.


The Conquistadors’ Onslaught at Tenochtitlan: The Conquistadors’ Onslaught at Tenochtitlan Within a single generation after the death of Columbus, Spain had conquered most of the New World. Spain was motivated by religion, nationalist pride, and dreams of personal enrichment.


From Mining to Plantation Agriculture: From Mining to Plantation Agriculture Tainos occasionally rebel, but outgunned by Spanish military technology Smallpox epidemics begin 1518 Spaniards launch raids to kidnap and replace workers, spread disease further Taino society disappears by middle of 16th century Limited gold production causes new interest in exploiting Caribbean for sugarcane production Requires massive importation of slaves


Silver, Sugar, and Their Consequences: Silver, Sugar, and Their Consequences Silver was found abundantly in the New World, especially in South America. Native labor was coerced into mining the metal for the Spanish. Wild influx of silver nearly destroyed the financial markets of Europe. Sugar production grew at an alarming rate, due to the changing tastes of Europeans. African slaves were deemed the best labor to produce the sugar.


Conquest of Mexico and Peru: Conquest of Mexico and Peru Spanish conquerors (conquistadores) explore other territories Hernán Cortés and 450 men bring down Aztec empire in Mexico (1519-1521) Smallpox destroys besieged Tenochtitlan Francisco Pizarro and 600 men bring down Inca empire in Peru (1532-1533) Calls conference of warring Inca rulers, massacres them all


Differences in War : Differences in War         1.  Amerindians curious why Europeans sought decisive battles on battlefield.                a.   Saw it as tremendous waste of humans who could be used for replenishment or sacrifice b.  Used guerrilla-type warfare.       c.  Europeans made poor torture victims (except Jesuits) 2.  Europeans could not easily catch Amerindian warriors.       a.  Resorted often to killing women and children. -- Pequot War in 1630s most gruesome example      b.  By King Philip’s War (1670s), Amerindians had learned this lesson well and            destroyed Puritan villages, killing non-combatants. 3.  Amerindians often captured children of other tribes and assimilated them. 4.  Adult warriors often sacrificed in MesoAmerica; Iroquois had all-night torture      ritual from "Mourning Wars" where Iroquois women sought retribution for death      of  a loved one (even if tortured warrior was not from same tribe). 5.  European weapons deeply intensified warfare among Native Americans.      a.  Ohio region depopulated in late 17th century in matter of decades when            Iroquois defeated Hurons and Algonquins.      b.  1690s, French and Algonquins turn the tide and force Iroquois to neutrality.


Spanish Colonial Administration: Spanish Colonial Administration Conquests of Mexico, Peru not the result of imperial policy, but inspired greater efforts to expand Spanish empire Spanish administration based in New Spain (Mexico) and New Castile (Peru), extended to Florida and Buenos Aires Mexico city built atop Tenochtitlan, founded Lima in Peru Viceroys rule, but supervised by local courts called audiencias designed to prevent buildup of local power bases Considerable dispute with Spanish homeland


The Great Dying: The Great Dying Spanish contacts with the natives of the Caribbean, central Mexico, and Peru in the early sixteenth century triggered a biological epidemic of smallpox in which some 6 million people perished in 15 years.


Spain’s Northern Frontier: Spain’s Northern Frontier Composed of the present-day Sun Belt of the United States: Texas Florida New Mexico Arizona California


Portuguese Brazil: Portuguese Brazil 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divides entire (non-Christian) world between Spain and Portugal Portugal claims Brazil Little interest at first, but increases as other imperial powers take notice Exploited for sugarcane production


Settler Colonies in North America: Settler Colonies in North America Spanish towns, forts, missions on east coast of North America, some on west coast Dislodged in 17th century by French, English, Dutch mariners Permanent colonies in North America France: Nova Scotia (1604), Quebec (1608) England: Jamestown (1607), Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) Netherlands: New Amsterdam (1623) English take it in 1664, rename it New York


Colonial Government: Colonial Government Exceptionally difficult conditions Starvation rampant, cannibalism occasionally practiced French, English private merchants invest heavily in expansion of colonies Greater levels of self-government than Spanish and Portuguese colonies


European empires and colonies in the Americas about 1700: European empires and colonies in the Americas about 1700


Relations with Indigenous Peoples: Relations with Indigenous Peoples North American peoples loosely organized, migratory Unlike Aztec, Inca empires European colonists stake out forested land, clear it for agriculture Increasing number of Europeans arrive seeking ample land: 150,000 from England in 17th century


Conflict with Indigenous Peoples: Conflict with Indigenous Peoples Colonists displace indigenous peoples, trespass on hunting grounds English settlers negotiate treaties, poorly understood by natives Military conflict frequent Natives also devastated by epidemic disease


North American Populations: North American Populations


The Formation of Multicultural Societies: The Formation of Multicultural Societies European, African migrants primarily men Relationships with native women formed Mestizo (mixed) societies formed People of Spanish and native parentage Descendants of Spaniards and African slaves (“mulattoes”) Descendants of African slaves and natives (“zambos”) Less pronounced in Peru


The Social Hierarchy: The Social Hierarchy Race-based hierarchy Top: peninsulares, i.e. migrants from Iberian peninsula Criollos (creoles), i.e. children of migrants Mestizos, mulattoes, zambos, other combinations of parentage Bottom: slaves, conquered peoples


North American Societies: North American Societies Higher ratio of French, English female migrants than in South America Higher social stigma attached to relationships with natives, African slaves Fur traders have relationships with North American native women Children: métis


Mining in the Spanish Empire: Mining in the Spanish Empire Hunt for gold and silver Conquistadores loot Aztec, Inca treasures and melt them down for their value as raw precious metals Gold not extensive in Spanish holdings, but silver relatively plentiful Extensive employment of natives Incan mita system of conscripted labor Dangerous working conditions Eventually assimilate into Spanish culture 1/5 reserved for crown (quinta), hugely profitable


Global Significance of Silver: Global Significance of Silver Major resource of income for Spanish crown Manila Galleons take it to the Pacific rim for trading Very popular with Chinese markets Also trade in the Atlantic basin


Manila galleon route and the lands of Oceania, 1500-1800: Manila galleon route and the lands of Oceania, 1500-1800


The Hacienda: The Hacienda Large estates produce products of European origin Wheat, grapes, meat Encomienda system of utilizing native labor force Rampant abuses 1520-1540 Gradually replaced by debt patronage Peasants repay loans with cheap labor


A Hacienda in Chile: A Hacienda in Chile


Resistance to Spanish Rule: Resistance to Spanish Rule Rebellion 1680 Pueblo Revolt 1780 Túpac Amaru rebellion Half-hearted work Retreat into mountains and forests Appeal to Spanish crown 1,200 page letter of Guaman Poma de Ayala, 1615


Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil: Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil Sugar mill: engenho, refers to complex of land, labor, etc. all related to production of sugar Sugarcane to molasses, or refined to sugar for export Low profit margins Unlike Spanish system of forced native labor, Portuguese rely on imported African slaves Natives continually evaded Portuguese forces Large-scale importing of slaves begins 1580s Working conditions poor: 5-10% die annually Approximately one human life per ton of sugar


England Looks West: England Looks West


England’s Search for Empire: England’s Search for Empire A. Major causes leading to British colonial impulse 1. Eventual peace with Spain provided opportunities overseas without harassment 2. Population growth provided workers/ potential colonists 3. Unemployment (economic opportunity), farm land, adventure, markets,      political freedom, religious freedom, social change. 4. Joint-stock companies provided financial means: investors pooled resources for sea expeditions. B.    Competition with Spain and later France 1.   Protestant England vs. Catholic Spain during late 16th century.


John Cabot: John Cabot John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) in 1497-98 explored coast of Newfoundland to Virginia for the English crown.          -- Found no passage to India; no settlement; much fishing


Sir Francis Drake: Sir Francis Drake Sir Francis Drake ("sea dogs") pirated Spanish ships around the globe; netted   heavy profits to his financial backers including Queen Elizabeth. 5.  Attempts to colonize in the face of Spanish glory


Sir Walter Raleigh: Sir Walter Raleigh 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh (Gilbert's half-brother) led 115 men, women & children to Roanoke Island off coast of VA; mysteriously vanished.


Sir Humphrey Gilbert: Sir Humphrey Gilbert 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted to colonize New Foundland but died while at sea.


England Challenges Spain: England Challenges Spain England was the slowest European power to begin expansion in the New World. They were initially motivated by the need to expand fishing areas and find new sources of wood. The rift between England and Spain centered on religion (Catholic v. Protestant). England defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588; a gigantic upset.


1588 -- British defeated the Spanish Armada (Elizabeth vs. Phillip II): 1588 -- British defeated the Spanish Armada (Elizabeth vs. Phillip II) a.  Spain attempted to invade England with a massive fleet of 130 ships. b.  Helped ensure England's naval dominance in the North Atlantic and later      the Atlantic sea routes to North America. c.  Seen by some historians as beginning of the fall of the Spanish Empire. d.  English national spirit emerged 7. 1604 -- Peace treaty signed between England and Spain


The Westward Fever: The Westward Fever The opportunities of the New World began to permeate all levels of English society in the 1580s. England’s first effort at colonization occurred in Ireland. England’s first attempts at American colonization were weak and unprofitable.


Anticipating North America: Anticipating North America Early English settlers had vague ideas about the nature of the American natives, some true some false. Some saw Indians as savage predators to be conquered quickly. Others saw them as docile and child-like,


The French in North America: The French in North America Of the European powers, the French were the most successful in creating an effective trading relationship with the Amerindians. 1. British settlers sought to remove or exterminate Amerindians 2. Spanish sought to Christianize Amerindians and use them for forced labor. n      Utilized the encomienda, hacienda and later, the mission system. 3.    The French became great gift givers (the key to getting on with Amerindians who based inter-tribal relationships on gift giving) during late 17th century.                           i.    Trade not seen as a transaction or contract (like in Europe).                          ii.    Trade seen by Indians as a continuing process.                         iii.    When a group stopped trading w/ another, it was tantamount to declaring war. C. The beaver trade led to exploration of much of North America; (heavy demand for fur in European fashion)  1.   Coureurs de bois (“runners of the woods”) – Rough frontiersmen who sought to tap the lucrative fur trade.  2.    Voyageurs: French seamen who recruited Amerindians into the fur trade   D.   Jesuits: Catholic Missionaries who sought to convert Amerindians and save them from the fur trappers. 1.  Some were brutally killed by Indians (although in the eyes of Amerindians, Jesuits held up best to torture and were thus more respected). 2.  Played a vital role as explorers and geographers.


Giovanni da Verrazano: Giovanni da Verrazano Giovanni da Verrazano, 1524: sailed American coast from Carolina to Maine.         -- Probably the first European to see New York harbor.


Jacques Cartier: Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier explored up the St. Lawrence River in 1530s. 3. In response, Spain erected fort St. Augustine, Florida, (1565) to keep      French out of interior & Caribbean.


Samuel de Champlain: Samuel de Champlain Samuel de Champlain “father of New France” established Quebec in 1608 (a year after the English founded Jamestown in Virginia)


Antoine Cadillac: Antoine Cadillac Antoine Cadillac -- founded Detroit in 1701      -- Aimed to keep English settlers out of the Ohio Valley With permission from King Louis XIV, Cadillac established a Great Lakes fur-trading post and founded Fort-Pontchartrain du Détroit, later called Detroit. He governed there until 1710, when his enemies in Quebec and Paris forced his removal to the new French colony of Louisiana. Increasingly unpopular there and himself dissatisfied with his appointment, Cadillac was recalled to France and was briefly confined in the Bastille. He lived the rest of his life in retirement in Languedoc. The city of Cadillac, Mich.; Cadillac Mountain, Maine; and the Cadillac automobile are named for him.


Robert de La Salle: Robert de La Salle Robert de La Salle -- Sailed from Quebec, down through the Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi River in 1682 with the help of Amerindian guides.        a. Sought to prevent Spanish expansion into Gulf of Mexico region       b. Coined the name "Louisiana" in honor of Louis XIV 3. French establish posts in the Mississippi region (New Orleans most important—1718)       a. Attempt to block Spanish expansion into the Gulf of Mexico       b. Forts and trading posts in Illinois country: Kaskaskia, Cahokia, & Vincennes           -- Large amounts of grain sent down the Mississippi River for shipment to the               West Indies and Europe.


Fur Trading in North America: Fur Trading in North America Indigenous peoples trade pelts for wool blankets, iron pots, firearms, alcohol Beaver hunts cause frequent incursions into neighboring territories, conflicts European settler-cultivators also displacing natives from traditional lands Albeit initially dependent on native assistance, as European grains did not grow well in many areas


Development of Cash Crops: Development of Cash Crops Products developed for European markets Tobacco Rice Indigo Cotton Increases demand for imported slave labor European indentured servants, 4-7 year terms Chronically unemployed, orphans, political prisoners and criminals


Export of Tobacco from Virginia: Export of Tobacco from Virginia


Impact of British and French: Impact of British and French .   Impact of French (and British) on eastern woodlands Amerindians: decimation by diseases, gun warfare & alcoholism. 1. Many Amerindians saw any contact with Europeans as dangerous and catastrophic. 2. European weapons deeply intensified Indian warfare in the eastern woodlands during last three decades of the 17th century.     a.    Resulted in the depopulation of the Ohio Valley in a matter of decades.     b.    Iroquois waged war on the Huron and Algonquin tribes.     c.    Later, French armed Hurons & Algonquins; Iroquois forced to neutrality.     d.    Iroquois turned to diplomacy with Europeans after 1700     e.    By 1760s, Amerindians in the region had agreed not to kill each other.            -- Revitalization: hoped that banding together and eliminating alcohol could                revitalize Native American life and protect them against European invaders.


Slavery in North America: Slavery in North America African slaves in Virginia from 1610 Increasingly replace European indentured laborers, late 17th-early 18th centuries Less prominent in north due to weak nature of cash-crop industry Slave trading still important part of economy Also, products made through slave labor Rum, based on sugar from plantations


The Middle Passage: The Middle Passage Also known as the Atlantic Passage, transferred slaves to the New World in four to eight weeks on board sailing vessels. Conditions were incredibly bad and many Africans died during the forced journey.


Slavery in Early Spanish Colonies: Slavery in Early Spanish Colonies Many thousands of African slaves were brought along by the great Spanish explorers of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries: Ponce de Leon Vasquez De Soto Coronado


Missionary Activity in the Americas: Missionary Activity in the Americas Franciscan, Dominican, Jesuit missionaries from 16th century Taught Christian doctrine, literacy Often accumulated cultural knowledge to provide context for effective missionizing Bernardino de Sahagún Due to conquest and plague, many natives in Spanish America concluded that their gods had abandoned them, converted to Catholicism Yet often retained elements of pagan religion in Christian worship


The Virgin of Guadalupe: The Virgin of Guadalupe


French and English Missions: French and English Missions Less effective than Spanish missions Spaniards ruled native populations more directly Migration patterns of North American natives


Results of contact between Amerindians and Europeans: Results of contact between Amerindians and Europeans             A.    For Amerindians        1.  Mass death: By 1600, nearly 90% of Native American population perished.             a.    European diseases, e.g., smallpox, yellow fever, malaria, most destructive.             b.    Central American & Caribbean pop. in 1519 = perhaps 25 mil; 1 mil in 1605.        2.  European impact on culture -- cattle, swine and horses, firearms.             -- Great Plains tribes--Apache, Blackfoot, and Sioux--transformed via horses   B. For Europeans 1. Global empires for 1st time in human history. 2. Explosion of capitalism 3. Revolution in diet                 a. Corn, beans, tomatoes & esp. potato lead to improved diet = higher mortality = higher population = bigger push for emigration. Revolutionized international economy.      b. Stimulants: coffee, cocoa, and tobacco   C.    Contributions of Mother Countries to North America 1. England -- Democratic forms of local gov’t; tradition of hard-working, zealous individuals, English language 2. France -- Language, culture, and religion introduced to Canada and Louisiana and to many Amerindians west of Appalachians; large-scale trade with Indians 3. Spain -- Schools, hospitals, and printing presses established by missionaries; Spanish language in the Southwest; teaching of Christianity and handicrafts to Amerindians.


Australia and the Larger World: Australia and the Larger World Broadly similar experiences to American natives Portuguese mariners long in the region, but Dutch sailors make first recorded sighting of Australia in 1606 VOC surveys territory, conclude that it is of little value Limited contact with indigenous peoples Nomadic, fishing and foraging societies British Captain James Cook lands at Botany Bay, 1770 Convicts shipped to Australia, outnumber free settlers until 1830


Australian Aborigine: Australian Aborigine


Pacific Islands and the Larger World: Pacific Islands and the Larger World Manila Galleons interested in quick trade routes, little exploration of Pacific Islands of Guam and the Marianas significant, lay on trade routes 1670s-1680s took control of islands, smallpox destroys local population James Cook visits Hawai’I in 1778 Good relationship with Hawaiians Sailors spread venereal disease Cook not welcomed in 1779, killed in dispute over petty thefts