SESSA presents SANS 10400XA - Hot water usage in new buildings

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PRESENTATION: SESSA SANS 10400 XA DATE: 18 November 2011 PRESENTATION BY: Robin Thomson

HOW TO IMPLEMENT NEW ENERGY EFFICIENCY LAWS FOR BUILDINGS SANS 10400 XA Hot Water Usage 0CTOBER 2011: 

HOW TO IMPLEMENT NEW ENERGY EFFICIENCY LAWS FOR BUILDINGS SANS 10400 XA Hot Water Usage 0CTOBER 2011

SESSA Profile: 

SESSA Profile SESSA was founded in 1974 and is one of 50 National Sections of the International Solar Energy Society (ISES). ISES is regarded as the premier body in solar energy with members in over 100 countries. SESSA is the duly appointed African office of ISES. SESSA is a membership based registered Non Profit Organisation in South Africa. SESSA is a volunteer organisation, run by a Council voted for by members for 2 year terms. SESSA also has separate technology divisions and each division is represented on the council. MISSION & OBJECTIVES The mission of SESSA is the creation and continued growth of an authoritative renewable energy forum, in Southern Africa. SESSA also has the following objectives: to promote and increase the use of renewable energy with informal education, demonstration and information dissemination to end-users and other decision makers of all levels; to establish the society as the main regional information centre in close co-operation with similar initiatives; to facilitate in the creation and maintenance of appropriate standards for products, systems or methods and training.

STOP WASTING ELECTRICITY: 

STOP WASTING ELECTRICITY We used to promote the cheap electricity generated in South Africa to encourage foreign direct investment into South Africa. We did not factor in the REAL cost of producing that electricity, such as the damage caused to the Environment. We now acknowledge this is a REAL cost and are considering HOW to bring in a carbon tax. We did not invest in new generating power, and suddenly ran out of power in 2008 Only drastic cuts to big users ( eg . 130 MW to an aluminium smelter) allowed” Eskom to “keep the lights on“ at the cost of production and jobs “In SA we were spoiled with cheap electricity. We use it for everything including heating things that could be better heated with the sun or gas.” Peet du Plooy - World Wildlife Fund “If you want to drive energy efficiency, you can’t continue with this ridiculously low priced electricity structure” – Ebbie Haan , Sasol Petroleum International CEO

SANS 10400 XA – ENERGY EFFICIENCY: 

SANS 10400 XA – ENERGY EFFICIENCY “At least 50% by volume of the annual average hot water heating requirement shall be provided by means other than electrical resistance heating including, but not limited to solar heating, heat pumps, heat recovery from other systems or processes and renewable combustible fuel.”

WHY FOCUS ON WATER HEATING?: 

WHY FOCUS ON WATER HEATING? Heating water takes a large amount of energy (4.2 kJ/ kg.K or 5.1 Units of electricity (kWh) to heat 100 litres from 16°C to 60°C ). Most hot water for domestic use in South Africa is heated by electrical resistive element. This means that if you pass electrical current through a piece of metal, it gets hot, and heats the water around it. There are ready alternatives to electrical resistive elements – Solar Water Heating Heat Pumps Heat Recovery

WHAT IS HOT WATER?: 

WHAT IS HOT WATER?

HOW THE LAWS DEFINE HOT WATER: 

HOW THE LAWS DEFINE HOT WATER Minimum supply temperature At least 38°C at domestic fixtures such as baths, basins, and showers. At sinks at least 45°C (in order to melt fats ). The dead leg should not exceed 4 litres. This guideline recommends the distance from the geyser to the furthest point of use should be less than 12m for 15mm copper pipe, and less than 8m for 22mm copper pipe. The temperature drop in the hot water should be less than 8°C. Maximum supply temperature The water shall not exceed 55° C from any terminal water fitting.

HOW TO IMPLEMENT THE LAW: 

HOW TO IMPLEMENT THE LAW Calculate the annual hot water heating of the building using Table 2 and Table 5 from SANS 10252-1 Water supply installations for buildings What type of dwelling is it? House, flat, hostel How many people will live in the dwelling? How much hot water do people in similar dwellings use? Check this with your own clients usage. Build your own profile.

HOT WATER CONSUMPTION - ITEMS: 

HOT WATER CONSUMPTION - ITEMS Table 2 - Average water consumption ( hot and cold ) of appliances Domestic and commercial appliances l/operation Bath 80 90 Bidet 6 8 Clothes washing machine 60 180 Dishwashing machine 3 70 Domestics waste disposal unit 10 15 Shower 3 6 per minute Wash-hand basin 4 8 WC flushing valve ( normal flush) 8 10 Showerheads- actual usage per minute 10 30 Domestic appliances l/day/person served Car washing and garden use 3 6 Drinking, food preparation and cooking 18 22 Laundry 10 15 Personal washing and bathing 20 30 Washing dishes 8 12 WC flushing 32 40 Office installation appliances l/day/person served Hand washing: normal taps 8 15 Hand washing: spray taps 3 7 Urinal flushing 24h day 10 18 Urinal flushing 8h day 4 6 WC flushing no urinals provided 12 18 WC flushing urinals provided 4 6

HOT WATER DEMAND @60°C : 

HOT WATER DEMAND @60°C Premises Total hot water demand @60 °C Litres per person per day Dwelling houses Low rental 80 - 115 Medium to high rental 115 - 140 Flats Low rental 65 - 75 Medium to high rental 115 - 140 Clinics 120 - 150

HEAT WATER, KEEP IT HOT : 

HEAT WATER, KEEP IT HOT Learn and understand how insulation works Heat constantly flows from HOT to COLD. Heat Transfer is the rate at which thermal energy (heat) can be transferred from one side of a length of material to the other for each °C of temperature difference between the 2 points Insulation = Resistance to heat flow R is a combination of thickness ( distance the heat travels, and the heat transfer coefficient of the material – k ) Copper is a good HEAT Conductor – Air is a poor HEAT conductor

LAW RESTRICTS GEYSERS HEAT LOSS : 

LAW RESTRICTS GEYSERS HEAT LO SS 4.5.2.6 Hot water vessels and tanks shall be insulated with a material achieving a minimum R value of 2.0 at T1 = 60°C and T2 = 15°C. This means that when the water inside the geyser is at 60°C and the air outside is 15 °C, the total resistance to heat flow must be 2.0 or above. If in any doubt – add MORE insulation – eg a geyser blanket (only to geysers inside!) SOGGY blankets INCREASE heat loss!

2012 - NEW GEYSER LABELLING: 

2012 - NEW GEYSER LABELLING SANS 151 for geysers from 2012 Energy labelling of storage water heaters

THE LAW RESTRICTS HEAT LOSS IN PIPES: 

THE LAW RESTRICTS HEAT LOSS IN PIPES SANS 204:2011 – Energy efficiency in buildings Hot water services 4.5.2.4 All exposed pipes shall be insulated with pipe insulation with an R value >1 4.5.2.5 Insulation shall be protected against the effects of weather and sunlight, be able to withstand the temperatures within the piping.

CALCULATING HOT WATER USE: 

CALCULATING HOT WATER USE 4 person house – High Income – Luxury House Daily hot water usage – Table 5 115-140 litres per person per day Total = 4 * 140 = 560 litres per day (taking the highest usage) Annual Usage = 204 400 litres Each 100 litres uses 5.1 Units of electricity (kWh) to from 16°C to 60°C. TOTAL kWh = 2044 * 5.1 = 10492 kWh per year (In 2011, in Cape Town, this costs you R1.35 * 10492 = R14165)

CHOOSING THE HEATING METHOD : 

CHOOSING THE HEATING METHOD ANNUAL TOTAL kWh = 2044 * 5.1 = 10492 kWh per year, costing R14165 per year SWH 1m 2 collector area saves 1000 kWh per year 1m 2 collector area requires 60 litres of storage To save 10492 kWh, you would require 10 m 2 To comply with the law, you would need 2 x 300 litre SWH 9.2 m 2 could save 9200 kWh per year, worth R12420 per year To comply with a heat pump, you would need at least one 200 litre geyser and 1 heat pump. This would save around 6295 kWh per year, R8500 per year

WHAT IS A SOLAR WATER HEATER: 

WHAT IS A SOLAR WATER HEATER

HOW LONG WILL THE SYSTEM LAST ?: 

HOW LONG WILL THE SYSTEM LAST ?

WHAT IS A HEAT PUMP ?: 

WHAT IS A HEAT PUMP ? A heat pump is a well engineered compact system that heats water efficiently using electricity . A heat pump heats the water in your geyser using 50-70% LESS electricity than the original electrical element supplied with the geyser. The heat pump replaces the function of the electrical element, but does not actually replace the element. Water is pumped from the geyser to the heat pump and back heating the water a few °C each time

HEAT PUMP FAQ: 

HEAT PUMP FAQ What does a heat pump look like? A small air-conditioning unit (50 kg) mounted outside on a wall. Your geyser stays where it is. The unit and geyser are joined with water pipes. Can it be installed inside, or in the roof? No. It needs a continuous source of ambient air. Does it replace a geyser? No. It heats the geyser water. You still need the water stored in a geyser. How is the geyser water heated? Cold water is pumped from your geyser through water pipes into the heat pump unit, and returns to the geyser hotter than in went in. This continues until all the geyser water temperature has risen to the geyser set temperature of 50-55 °C .

HEAT PUMP FAQ… CONTINUED: 

HEAT PUMP FAQ… CONTINUED How does the heat pump really do this? It moves heat from the air into the geyser water with a system that includes gas, a compressor, water pump, expansion valve and other fancy engineering terms and bits! How much electricity does it save? A well installed and set heat pump can save 60% and more of your electrical element costs. The more hot water you are using currently, the more electricity you will save. When does it save most electricity? When the air outside is hot. When does it save least electricity? When the air outside is cold. If you can wait for the air outside to heat up, you will save more.

WHAT IS HEAT RECOVERY?: 

WHAT IS HEAT RECOVERY? Many industrial and commercial machines give off heat as a waste product. Typical examples are Central Air Conditioning units, all petrol and diesel engines and gas operated kitchens. Heat recovery is usually a closed loop of water running between a hot point ( the exhaust vent pipe of a kitchen gas cooker ) and a cold point. An example in a house may be capturing heat in winter from the fireplace chimney and using that to heat geyser water

ARE ON A SUSTAINABLE PATH ?: 

ARE ON A SUSTAINABLE PATH ?

MAKING SENSE OF THE SAME DATA: 

MAKING SENSE OF THE SAME DATA

SWH vs HEAT PUMP: 

SWH vs HEAT PUMP Solar Water Heater Heat Pump Can supply hot water without electricity Always need electricity to run a fan, compressor, water pump and electronic controls The geyser size has to match solar collectors; 1m 2 per 60-75 litres A range of geyser sizes can be matched to a heat pump – 100 – 300 litres Only pumped systems have an electric water pump All systems have an electric water pump No noise Background noise when running Domestic SWH have long history in SA Domestic heat pumps have only been in SA for about 5 years SESSA members make up the majority of installers and suppliers Some heat pump suppliers are SESSA members SABS standards applied No SABS standards have been developed yet

SWH vs HEAT PUMP continued: 

SWH vs HEAT PUMP continued Solar Water Heater Heat Pump Usually takes a full day to install Can be installed in half a day Often requires a larger geyser than was previously installed The same size geyser can be retained if it supplied adequate hot water Wide range of suppliers with track record Fewer suppliers, and a shorter track record Installation more complex, maintenance easier Easier installation, maintenance more complex Any trained plumber can install and trouble shoot SWH problems Trained air-conditioning technicians can trouble shoot heat pump problems More complicated design and selling process Simpler design and selling process

HOW SHOULD I CHOOSE: 

HOW SHOULD I CHOOSE Total Lifespan costs – almost always SWH Quick payback – mostly heat pumps Request Quotes for both. Does the supplier have they a track record you can verify ? Can they back up their savings claims with verified data from clients? Does the supplier in your area inspire confidence? Do they subscribe to a Code Of Conduct and have access to an Ombudsman to resolve issues? Whichever investment you choose, you, your finances and your world will get a great return.

RETURN ON INVESTMENT: 

RETURN ON INVESTMENT

CONCLUSION: 

CONCLUSION The new law is good for everyone The benefits go beyond the next 5 years In 5 years time we may look back and think that the previous generation was mad!

SESSA’S VISION: 

SESSA’S VISION ‘’One square metre of collector per citizen by 2020 ’’ Thank You! Robin Thomson Robin.thomson@sessa.org.za

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