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Premium member Presentation Transcript BrazilThe Innovation Strategy and System of Brazil(National, Regional and Local)Professor Devillez Arnaud, France : BrazilThe Innovation Strategy and System of Brazil(National, Regional and Local)Professor Devillez Arnaud, France By Pali Ritesh Kumar Knowledge and Innovation management, Master International Management and Skills Development, IGR-IAE, University of Rennes1, Rennes, France RIS in Undeveloped countries : RIS in Undeveloped countries In underdeveloped countries, there is a need to understand the (national, regional, local) innovation system in a BROAD perspective of The Social dimension of innovation Culture and History That are manifested in different capabilities and knowledge forms that are localized The importance of traditional knowledge (see China and India) A BROAD perspective on Innovation Innovation is MUCH MORE than R&D What is R&D? Differences: Social and Regional Heterogeneities Innovation and Brazil : Innovation and Brazil The National Innovation System of Brazil is a complex animal ...Heterogeneity and diversity A part from some few cases (oil, airplanes) it does not make any sense talk about sectoral innovation systems But it is totally correct to have a of innovation systems “Territorial Dimension” THE HERITAGE OF INEQUALITY : THE HERITAGE OF INEQUALITY Example of Heterogeneity in Local innovation systems; Big differences in innovation and cooperation rates : Example of Heterogeneity in Local innovation systems; Big differences in innovation and cooperation rates The Evolution of the Brazilian National Innovation System : The Evolution of the Brazilian National Innovation System The Brazilian Innovation System from the 1950s to the mid 1980s – Institutional innovations Partial successes in some sectoral innovation systems The Brazilian NIS from the late 1980s and 1990s Changes in the policy regime Downgrading of some innovation systems Challenges Brazil and the BRICS project Understanding the Brazilian NIS through the understanding of LIS & RIS : Understanding the Brazilian NIS through the understanding of LIS & RIS The setting up of RedeSist in 26 universities in 22 states Analysis of approximately 90 local innovation systems from aircraft (Embraer) to subsistance agriculture to cultural activities (Carnival) Attempt to understand interactive processes of learning and capacity building (the need for apropriate indicators) Mingling research with policy From the 1950s to the 1970s : From the 1950s to the 1970s 1950s -CNPQ, Petrobrás and Airspace (CTA) 1960s – Funtec – FNDCT and FINEP (funding the infrastructure) 1970s – Embrapa, Energy, Telecom and (later) IT & IS From a IT & IS point of view the model was based on; : From a IT & IS point of view the model was based on; Rapidly upgrading of the scientific infrastructure Massive (and disorganized) import of technology (and capital) Attracting foreign capital was perceived as a quick and easier way to channel modern technology into the economy Important successes: EMBRAPA & agro-industrial technology strategic sectors: infrastructure, air space, oil, energy and telecom Frustrated attempts: auto industry (Fábrica Nacional de Motores was created in the late 1950s). The Brazilian NIS in 1990s : The Brazilian NIS in 1990s 1 – the crisis - development process subjected to an exchange-based economic system 3 – structural changes 3 - downgrading of some innovation systems: disorganized privatization of infrastructure (particularly telecom) 4 – some remarking exceptions agro-industrial systems (the role of EMBRAPA) aircraft system (EMBRAER) oil extraction and refining (Petrobrás) other exceptions (services, for ex.) 5 – the evolution of infrastructure 6 – the macro policy environment S&T infrastructure in Brazil evolved positively in the last decades : S&T infrastructure in Brazil evolved positively in the last decades Human Resources Research activities, (expanded significantly): in 2002 there were 15,158 research groups with approximately 59 thousand researchers working in 268 research institutions (the vast majority public universities and research institutes). Brazilian scientific production has significantly augmented: in 1991, occupied the 28º position in terms of production of indexed scientific and technical articles, got the 17ª place 2000 The average of articles originated in Brazil published in 1988-92 (3,166 or 0.6% of world production) increased four-fold in 1996-2000 (7,836 or 1.12% of world production). Technological research institutes Brazil’s Competitive Position of Innovation System : Brazil’s Competitive Position of Innovation System Rank 30 overall in the Business Competitiveness; Index – Second highest Latin American country after Chile, but on a negative trend since 2001 – Company operations and strategy (currently ranked 26) is consistently ranked higher than business environment (ranked35) Key competitive advantages of Innovation System; – Cluster presence; but largely a legacy of a closed economy – Local competition – Strong regional governments Key competitive disadvantages of Innovation System; – Trade barriers – Human resource weaknesses – Beuraucracy and inefficient administrative infrastructure – Weaknesses in the physical infrastructure – Inequality Characteristics of the Brazilian NIS : Characteristics of the Brazilian NIS High variety of productive (and innovative) structures - Heterogeneity of production systems - Heterogeneity of demand (income distribution, social demand, etc.) Important regional differences Important social differences Traditional indicators not very much significant Several implications (particularly in terms of policy) Brazilian manufacturing firms are relatively less innovators than most countries : Brazilian manufacturing firms are relatively less innovators than most countries The innovation rate (percentage of firms that introduced in the market new or improved products and/or processes in the 3 years prior to the survey) of Brazilian firms were 31% in 2000 This compares to innovation rates above 60% in countries such as Sweden, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Switzerland, Ireland, Holand an Germany International Patenting Output : International Patenting Output International Patenting Output(Selected Latin American Countries) : International Patenting Output(Selected Latin American Countries) Innovation in the Brazilian industry 2000 - 2003 : Innovation in the Brazilian industry 2000 - 2003 Source: Brazilian Technological Innovation Research (PINTEC/IBGE) Increase in the innovation rate, although accompanied by a reduction in the investment in innovative activities and in the internal R&D activities as percentage of sales Low innovation rate comparative to other countries Regional Imbalance of Private and Public Expenditures : Regional Imbalance of Private and Public Expenditures Regional Distribution of Innovation Expenditures Distribution of state R&D expenditures by states : Distribution of state R&D expenditures by states Source: Science and Technology Ministry High concentration of the R&D expenditures in São Paulo Brazil – Regional & Social Development Huge DifferencesThat are gradually changing : Brazil – Regional & Social Development Huge DifferencesThat are gradually changing Share of Regions in GDP; Brazil – MSc & PhD students by region and scientific areas – 1999 (%) : Brazil – MSc & PhD students by region and scientific areas – 1999 (%) In ICT differences continues to be large : In ICT differences continues to be large No. Of Graduates by Regions 1988 to 2002 Increase of State Resources Resources of State Governments in S&T (2000-2004 in $) : Increase of State Resources Resources of State Governments in S&T (2000-2004 in $) Fragility of the Brazilian NIS : Fragility of the Brazilian NIS Weak competitive performance with significant trade fragilities in all sectors of high added value and high technological content Widespread loss of national ownership in many sectors, weakness and reduced size of the remaining Brazilian business groups Persistent financial vulnerability of Brazilian-owned businesses resulting from very high costs of capital and inexistence of long-term financing mechanisms. Innovative firms prefer other forms of protection than patents : Innovative firms prefer other forms of protection than patents Decentralized Innovation Policies in Brazil : Decentralized Innovation Policies in Brazil The Beginning São PauloF apesp in the early 1960s The São Paulo State Council of Technology in the early 1970s Gradual generalization on the 1980s The role of CNPQ - The Forum of S&T Secretaries - Crisis in the late 1980s The hard resistance in the 1990s - Structural change and the abandonment of industrial and S&T policy at fedral level - States need to act in a “policy emptiness space - The end of SUDENE and SUDAM - Institutional building and adressing state problems and projects The present period - National policies and decentralization are back - Several advances and problems Brazil System of Innovation – Local & Regional : Brazil System of Innovation – Local & Regional The importance of some federal institutions for RIS development in Brazil : The importance of some federal institutions for RIS development in Brazil The Federal Public University System even in poorest States – importance of qualified human resources EMBRAPA’s regional officies - Spread innovation in all agro areas(rice and beans and soya beans... SEBRAE and the support of SMEs -Technology diffusion, technology consulting, management practices, etc Some general features of State Policies : Some general features of State Policies Selecting strategic areas mostly related to local patterns of specialization; Increasing support of R&D by Private sector Emphasis on training of human resources Targetting Non-R&D activities – Design, Trade mark, IP Act. etc Development of institutions and local arrangements for innovation and diffusion Foundation to support research (the Fapesp model) Re-engineering State technological research institutes Non-governmental organizations for mediation and integration Ceará Projects : Ceará Projects Ceará digital; E-jovem, Technology agents and Ceará Technology Network; Technology colleges; Institute of Research, Desenvolvimento e Inovação do Ceará (IPDI) Other topics on local systems already studied by RedeSist : Other topics on local systems already studied by RedeSist A methodology to study local innovation systems Date base of more than 3000 SMEs Indicators of innovation, cooperation and learning Activities Clothing Shoes Mining Airspace Auto Agro-industry (basic food, Amazon fruits, wine, etc.) RIS in Brazil: The Positive Results : RIS in Brazil: The Positive Results Several examples of successful innovations adressing local social problems ... and also productive problems Using local knowledge (in the Amazon Region) Used Hi-Techonology Co-operative behaviour between local actors (firms and others) and local universities (Result Positive, Product & Service specific, Specialized HR Force) Institutional building (including Policy capabilities) Adressing more precisely human capacity building related to the knowledge societyTraining, local nteworks etc. More Important and particularly included other actors who have the narrow approach to IS & IT New Federal Initiatives with huge Regional impact : New Federal Initiatives with huge Regional impact MCT Finep De-centralization (Particularly Grants to Innovation) BNDES Regional Actions, local production and innovation systems (focus on innovation in SMEs) Two very important general principals Different match funding by states States choose local institutions to implement policies The Costa Rica IT & IS Cluster : The Costa Rica IT & IS Cluster Innovative Internationalization Strategy(Hilasal, Brazil) : Innovative Internationalization Strategy(Hilasal, Brazil) Public / Private Cooperation in Cluster Upgrading(Minnesota’s Medical Device Cluster) : Public / Private Cooperation in Cluster Upgrading(Minnesota’s Medical Device Cluster) Un-solved Problem : Un-solved Problem “ The format of public tender and the pre-condition of existing infra-structure for project qualification has resulted in a resource alocation that acentuates concentration”. Document of the Forum of State S&T Secretaries, 2007 The Challenges : The Challenges Macro-financial autonomy to Develop Innovation and Competitiveness Cope with diversity – the regional and local dimension Reducing regional differences Support local innovation systems Policy for innovation systems Important positive changes recently but needs: Changes from an emphasis on firms and organizations to a systemic approach Support internationalization of big local firms Need to increase R&D by local firms (financing) Management capability on government and organizations (firms, universities, etc) Principal obstacles to the construction of national and Regional IT & IS Indicators : Principal obstacles to the construction of national and Regional IT & IS Indicators Absence of uniform criteria of cover, selection of content, aggregation and classification of data from the numerous available sources. Absence of common terminology and shared concepts. Different time cycles in the updating routines of existing databases. Discontinuity and inconsistency in the adoption of the same procedures for the storage and classification of data in each new version. Unavailability and/or disparate nature of the quality of dispersed data (by geographical areas, industrial sectors, disciplines, etc.). Inadequate and widely-varying infrastructure and competencies for Innovations. The Brazilian BRICS research project : The Brazilian BRICS research project RedeSist - network of research organizations Partnership with FINEP- Ministry of Science and Technology Support from other government agencies Already engaged – Ministry of Interior, IBGE, FioCruz and Inmetro To be engaged – Ministry of Planning, other agencies of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Industrial Development and others Private organizations – IEDI A BRICS Seminar in Rio (late 2006/early 2007) CONCLUSIONS : CONCLUSIONS A Country still being occupied by confusion & hurdles. More focus on week and undeveloped region A Policies with various objectives You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
RIS in Brazil riteshpali Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 60 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: March 29, 2011 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript BrazilThe Innovation Strategy and System of Brazil(National, Regional and Local)Professor Devillez Arnaud, France : BrazilThe Innovation Strategy and System of Brazil(National, Regional and Local)Professor Devillez Arnaud, France By Pali Ritesh Kumar Knowledge and Innovation management, Master International Management and Skills Development, IGR-IAE, University of Rennes1, Rennes, France RIS in Undeveloped countries : RIS in Undeveloped countries In underdeveloped countries, there is a need to understand the (national, regional, local) innovation system in a BROAD perspective of The Social dimension of innovation Culture and History That are manifested in different capabilities and knowledge forms that are localized The importance of traditional knowledge (see China and India) A BROAD perspective on Innovation Innovation is MUCH MORE than R&D What is R&D? Differences: Social and Regional Heterogeneities Innovation and Brazil : Innovation and Brazil The National Innovation System of Brazil is a complex animal ...Heterogeneity and diversity A part from some few cases (oil, airplanes) it does not make any sense talk about sectoral innovation systems But it is totally correct to have a of innovation systems “Territorial Dimension” THE HERITAGE OF INEQUALITY : THE HERITAGE OF INEQUALITY Example of Heterogeneity in Local innovation systems; Big differences in innovation and cooperation rates : Example of Heterogeneity in Local innovation systems; Big differences in innovation and cooperation rates The Evolution of the Brazilian National Innovation System : The Evolution of the Brazilian National Innovation System The Brazilian Innovation System from the 1950s to the mid 1980s – Institutional innovations Partial successes in some sectoral innovation systems The Brazilian NIS from the late 1980s and 1990s Changes in the policy regime Downgrading of some innovation systems Challenges Brazil and the BRICS project Understanding the Brazilian NIS through the understanding of LIS & RIS : Understanding the Brazilian NIS through the understanding of LIS & RIS The setting up of RedeSist in 26 universities in 22 states Analysis of approximately 90 local innovation systems from aircraft (Embraer) to subsistance agriculture to cultural activities (Carnival) Attempt to understand interactive processes of learning and capacity building (the need for apropriate indicators) Mingling research with policy From the 1950s to the 1970s : From the 1950s to the 1970s 1950s -CNPQ, Petrobrás and Airspace (CTA) 1960s – Funtec – FNDCT and FINEP (funding the infrastructure) 1970s – Embrapa, Energy, Telecom and (later) IT & IS From a IT & IS point of view the model was based on; : From a IT & IS point of view the model was based on; Rapidly upgrading of the scientific infrastructure Massive (and disorganized) import of technology (and capital) Attracting foreign capital was perceived as a quick and easier way to channel modern technology into the economy Important successes: EMBRAPA & agro-industrial technology strategic sectors: infrastructure, air space, oil, energy and telecom Frustrated attempts: auto industry (Fábrica Nacional de Motores was created in the late 1950s). The Brazilian NIS in 1990s : The Brazilian NIS in 1990s 1 – the crisis - development process subjected to an exchange-based economic system 3 – structural changes 3 - downgrading of some innovation systems: disorganized privatization of infrastructure (particularly telecom) 4 – some remarking exceptions agro-industrial systems (the role of EMBRAPA) aircraft system (EMBRAER) oil extraction and refining (Petrobrás) other exceptions (services, for ex.) 5 – the evolution of infrastructure 6 – the macro policy environment S&T infrastructure in Brazil evolved positively in the last decades : S&T infrastructure in Brazil evolved positively in the last decades Human Resources Research activities, (expanded significantly): in 2002 there were 15,158 research groups with approximately 59 thousand researchers working in 268 research institutions (the vast majority public universities and research institutes). Brazilian scientific production has significantly augmented: in 1991, occupied the 28º position in terms of production of indexed scientific and technical articles, got the 17ª place 2000 The average of articles originated in Brazil published in 1988-92 (3,166 or 0.6% of world production) increased four-fold in 1996-2000 (7,836 or 1.12% of world production). Technological research institutes Brazil’s Competitive Position of Innovation System : Brazil’s Competitive Position of Innovation System Rank 30 overall in the Business Competitiveness; Index – Second highest Latin American country after Chile, but on a negative trend since 2001 – Company operations and strategy (currently ranked 26) is consistently ranked higher than business environment (ranked35) Key competitive advantages of Innovation System; – Cluster presence; but largely a legacy of a closed economy – Local competition – Strong regional governments Key competitive disadvantages of Innovation System; – Trade barriers – Human resource weaknesses – Beuraucracy and inefficient administrative infrastructure – Weaknesses in the physical infrastructure – Inequality Characteristics of the Brazilian NIS : Characteristics of the Brazilian NIS High variety of productive (and innovative) structures - Heterogeneity of production systems - Heterogeneity of demand (income distribution, social demand, etc.) Important regional differences Important social differences Traditional indicators not very much significant Several implications (particularly in terms of policy) Brazilian manufacturing firms are relatively less innovators than most countries : Brazilian manufacturing firms are relatively less innovators than most countries The innovation rate (percentage of firms that introduced in the market new or improved products and/or processes in the 3 years prior to the survey) of Brazilian firms were 31% in 2000 This compares to innovation rates above 60% in countries such as Sweden, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Switzerland, Ireland, Holand an Germany International Patenting Output : International Patenting Output International Patenting Output(Selected Latin American Countries) : International Patenting Output(Selected Latin American Countries) Innovation in the Brazilian industry 2000 - 2003 : Innovation in the Brazilian industry 2000 - 2003 Source: Brazilian Technological Innovation Research (PINTEC/IBGE) Increase in the innovation rate, although accompanied by a reduction in the investment in innovative activities and in the internal R&D activities as percentage of sales Low innovation rate comparative to other countries Regional Imbalance of Private and Public Expenditures : Regional Imbalance of Private and Public Expenditures Regional Distribution of Innovation Expenditures Distribution of state R&D expenditures by states : Distribution of state R&D expenditures by states Source: Science and Technology Ministry High concentration of the R&D expenditures in São Paulo Brazil – Regional & Social Development Huge DifferencesThat are gradually changing : Brazil – Regional & Social Development Huge DifferencesThat are gradually changing Share of Regions in GDP; Brazil – MSc & PhD students by region and scientific areas – 1999 (%) : Brazil – MSc & PhD students by region and scientific areas – 1999 (%) In ICT differences continues to be large : In ICT differences continues to be large No. Of Graduates by Regions 1988 to 2002 Increase of State Resources Resources of State Governments in S&T (2000-2004 in $) : Increase of State Resources Resources of State Governments in S&T (2000-2004 in $) Fragility of the Brazilian NIS : Fragility of the Brazilian NIS Weak competitive performance with significant trade fragilities in all sectors of high added value and high technological content Widespread loss of national ownership in many sectors, weakness and reduced size of the remaining Brazilian business groups Persistent financial vulnerability of Brazilian-owned businesses resulting from very high costs of capital and inexistence of long-term financing mechanisms. Innovative firms prefer other forms of protection than patents : Innovative firms prefer other forms of protection than patents Decentralized Innovation Policies in Brazil : Decentralized Innovation Policies in Brazil The Beginning São PauloF apesp in the early 1960s The São Paulo State Council of Technology in the early 1970s Gradual generalization on the 1980s The role of CNPQ - The Forum of S&T Secretaries - Crisis in the late 1980s The hard resistance in the 1990s - Structural change and the abandonment of industrial and S&T policy at fedral level - States need to act in a “policy emptiness space - The end of SUDENE and SUDAM - Institutional building and adressing state problems and projects The present period - National policies and decentralization are back - Several advances and problems Brazil System of Innovation – Local & Regional : Brazil System of Innovation – Local & Regional The importance of some federal institutions for RIS development in Brazil : The importance of some federal institutions for RIS development in Brazil The Federal Public University System even in poorest States – importance of qualified human resources EMBRAPA’s regional officies - Spread innovation in all agro areas(rice and beans and soya beans... SEBRAE and the support of SMEs -Technology diffusion, technology consulting, management practices, etc Some general features of State Policies : Some general features of State Policies Selecting strategic areas mostly related to local patterns of specialization; Increasing support of R&D by Private sector Emphasis on training of human resources Targetting Non-R&D activities – Design, Trade mark, IP Act. etc Development of institutions and local arrangements for innovation and diffusion Foundation to support research (the Fapesp model) Re-engineering State technological research institutes Non-governmental organizations for mediation and integration Ceará Projects : Ceará Projects Ceará digital; E-jovem, Technology agents and Ceará Technology Network; Technology colleges; Institute of Research, Desenvolvimento e Inovação do Ceará (IPDI) Other topics on local systems already studied by RedeSist : Other topics on local systems already studied by RedeSist A methodology to study local innovation systems Date base of more than 3000 SMEs Indicators of innovation, cooperation and learning Activities Clothing Shoes Mining Airspace Auto Agro-industry (basic food, Amazon fruits, wine, etc.) RIS in Brazil: The Positive Results : RIS in Brazil: The Positive Results Several examples of successful innovations adressing local social problems ... and also productive problems Using local knowledge (in the Amazon Region) Used Hi-Techonology Co-operative behaviour between local actors (firms and others) and local universities (Result Positive, Product & Service specific, Specialized HR Force) Institutional building (including Policy capabilities) Adressing more precisely human capacity building related to the knowledge societyTraining, local nteworks etc. More Important and particularly included other actors who have the narrow approach to IS & IT New Federal Initiatives with huge Regional impact : New Federal Initiatives with huge Regional impact MCT Finep De-centralization (Particularly Grants to Innovation) BNDES Regional Actions, local production and innovation systems (focus on innovation in SMEs) Two very important general principals Different match funding by states States choose local institutions to implement policies The Costa Rica IT & IS Cluster : The Costa Rica IT & IS Cluster Innovative Internationalization Strategy(Hilasal, Brazil) : Innovative Internationalization Strategy(Hilasal, Brazil) Public / Private Cooperation in Cluster Upgrading(Minnesota’s Medical Device Cluster) : Public / Private Cooperation in Cluster Upgrading(Minnesota’s Medical Device Cluster) Un-solved Problem : Un-solved Problem “ The format of public tender and the pre-condition of existing infra-structure for project qualification has resulted in a resource alocation that acentuates concentration”. Document of the Forum of State S&T Secretaries, 2007 The Challenges : The Challenges Macro-financial autonomy to Develop Innovation and Competitiveness Cope with diversity – the regional and local dimension Reducing regional differences Support local innovation systems Policy for innovation systems Important positive changes recently but needs: Changes from an emphasis on firms and organizations to a systemic approach Support internationalization of big local firms Need to increase R&D by local firms (financing) Management capability on government and organizations (firms, universities, etc) Principal obstacles to the construction of national and Regional IT & IS Indicators : Principal obstacles to the construction of national and Regional IT & IS Indicators Absence of uniform criteria of cover, selection of content, aggregation and classification of data from the numerous available sources. Absence of common terminology and shared concepts. Different time cycles in the updating routines of existing databases. Discontinuity and inconsistency in the adoption of the same procedures for the storage and classification of data in each new version. Unavailability and/or disparate nature of the quality of dispersed data (by geographical areas, industrial sectors, disciplines, etc.). Inadequate and widely-varying infrastructure and competencies for Innovations. The Brazilian BRICS research project : The Brazilian BRICS research project RedeSist - network of research organizations Partnership with FINEP- Ministry of Science and Technology Support from other government agencies Already engaged – Ministry of Interior, IBGE, FioCruz and Inmetro To be engaged – Ministry of Planning, other agencies of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Industrial Development and others Private organizations – IEDI A BRICS Seminar in Rio (late 2006/early 2007) CONCLUSIONS : CONCLUSIONS A Country still being occupied by confusion & hurdles. More focus on week and undeveloped region A Policies with various objectives