Astronomy

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Astronomy From the 1st use of Optical Telescope – Current developments in the Space Technology R.Rishyashring IX std. SJR Public School

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Astronomy (from the Greek words astron "star", and nomos "law“) is the scientific study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere. What is Astronomy?

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Early cultures identified celestial objects with gods and spirits. They related these objects (and their movements) to phenomena such as rain, drought, seasons, and tides. It is generally believed that the first "professional" astronomers were priests Ancient structures with possibly astronomical alignments (such as Stonehenge) probably fulfilled both astronomical and religious functions.

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The modern astronomy began in 1543 A.D. with the work of Nicolaus Copernicus, who proposed a heliocentric system, in which the planets revolved around the Sun and not the Earth. His De revolutionibus provided a full mathematical discussion of his system, using the geometrical techniques that had been traditional in astronomy.

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In 1609 A.D. Galileo was the first to use a telescope to observe the sky, and after constructing a 20x refractor telescope he discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter in 1610. This was the first observation of satellites orbiting another planet. He also found that our Moon had craters and observed (and correctly explained) sunspots. Galileo argued that these observations supported the Copernican system and were, to some extent, incompatible with the favored model of the Earth at the center of the universe.

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The 17th century also witnessed several other momentous developments that led to major advances in astronomy. These were the discovery of the principles of planetary motion by Johannes Kepler, and the formulation of the laws of motion and gravitation by Isaac Newton. Other significant contributions followed in rapid succession. 1687 Newton publishes his theory of universal gravitation in the work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. This is seen to be the start of Modern Astronomy. 1609-1619 The three laws of planetary motion is announced by Johannes Kepler with his mathmatical calculation and formulation

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1750 Thomas Wright postulated that the universe was made up of numerous galaxies. Later in the century another English astronomer, William Herschel, undertook the first thorough telescopic survey of the heavens and established the foundations of modern stellar astronomy. 1857 Rocket pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovskii was born. Tsiolkovskii's work in early rocketry earned him the title of "Father of Astronautics". Many of his proposals concerning rocketry were later put into use including: use of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as rocket fuel and multi-stage rocket design for achieving Earth orbit or interplanetary flight.

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1957 Sputnik 1 was the world's first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into a by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball (58 cm.or 22.8 inches in diameter), weighed only 83.6 kg. or 183.9 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. That launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age.

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Its successful flight made the United States the second nation in space, following the Soviets who had launched Sputnik 1 just four months earlier. Explorer 1 carried several scientific instruments which measured space temperature and the dangers of micrometeorite impacts. Its major accomplishment was the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt, in a region around the Earth called the magnetosphere. 1958 Explorer 1 (international designation 1958 Alpha 1) was the first Earth satellite of the United States, launched on February 1, 1958 . Between 1958 and 1981 there were 56 more Explorer spacecrafts to reach space, though the missions had little in common other than their small size and relatively low cost. They performed a variety of scientific missions, including thorough studies of Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere.

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1961 Yuri Gagarin became a Russian cosmonaut who was born on March 9, 1934, near Moscow, Russia. Gagarin was the first person in space when he flew aboard the Vostok spacecraft in 1961. He orbited the Earth once on this historic flight. The flight lasted 1 hour and 48 minutes.

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Apollo 11 was the name of the first mission to succeed in landing a person on the surface of the moon. The Apollo program was set to add to the accomplishments of the Lunar Orbiter and Surveyor missions of the late 1960's. On July 16, 1969, the U. S. rocket Saturn 5 was launched and three days later successfully deployed the lunar landing module Eagle which landed in the Moon's Sea of Tranquility. "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind". With these historic words, on July 20, 1969 Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon, leaving his footprint etched in the lunar soil. Over the next 2 1/2 hours, he and astronaut Edwin Aldrin took color photographs, collected soil and rock samples, and raised the American flag, while walking around on the Moon. They also conducted several experiments to learn more about the dusty surface, geologic activity, and solar wind effects on the lunar environment.

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The Viking missions was set targeting the Red Planet- Mars. Viking 1 was launched on Aug. 20, 1975, followed later that year on Sep. 9 by Viking 2. After searching for flat, level areas, the spacecraft deployed their landers, brought safely to the ground using parachutes and retro-thrusters which prevented a dangerous high-speed impact. Viking 1 landed on the western slope of Chryse Planitia (the Plains of Gold). Viking 2 landed on Utopia Planitia;. Over the next four years, the orbiters mapped 97% of the Martian surface and relayed information from the landers back to Earth.

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1986 The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster occurred on January 28, 1986, when Challenger, a Space Shuttle operated by NASA, consisting of an orbiter vehicle named Challenger, designated OV-099, an External Tank (ET) containing liquid hydrogen fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer, and two Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs), broke apart 73 seconds into its flight leading to the deaths of its seven crew members. The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of central Florida, United States at 11:39 a.m. EST.

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The Mars Pathfinder was launched in December 1996 on a Delta II rocket. It will enter the atmosphere and a heat shield, parachutes, and airbags will help it land. It landed on moon on 4th July 1997. After impact the lander will put out three solar panels for power. A camera will map its surroundings, and the Sojourner rover will search the surface of Mars. Long ago, water flowed on the plains of Mars. The rocky plain that Mars Pathfinder is landing on is thought to be a previous flood plain. Its name is Ares Vallis. The Sojourner rover will test rock and soil samples in this area.

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Almost all of the known "extrasolar" planets are giant balls of gas, much like Jupiter or Saturn. Such massive planets are relatively easy to find. They have a gravitational pull that makes their stars wobble, and when scientists see that wobble, they know there is a planet. Small, rocky planets cause less of a wobble, making them harder to find. 2007 Scientists have discovered a new planet in the constellation Libra. The small, rocky planet is special because it appears to have mild temperatures, like Earth. Researchers believe it looks like the first planet outside of our solar system that could be home to liquid water, and maybe even life.

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As in other cultures, astronomy grew up in ancient India alongside religion and astrology. The underlying Indian cosmology is based on the idea of the unity of the cosmos and that it should be perceived as an organic whole in which all parts are interdependent. The Sun (Surya) is the center of creation, the point at which the seen and unseen worlds unite, and is the visible source of the world in which we live. Such beliefs may help explain why Indian astronomers, 1,500 years ago, held such advanced notions as that Earth goes around the Sun and that stars are really distant suns. Aryabhatta Astronomy in India

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19 April 1975 Aryabhata was India's first satellite, named after a ancient Indian mathematician (5th century AD). It was launched by the Russians from Kapustin Yar. The 96.3 minute orbit had an apogee of 619 km and a perigee of 563 km, at an inclination of 50.7 degrees. Aryabhata was built by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics. The spacecraft was a 26-sided polygon 1.4 m in diameter. All faces (except the top and bottom) were covered with solar cells. A power failure halted experiments after 4 days in orbit. All signals from the spacecraft were lost after 5 days of operation. The satellite reentered the Earth's atmosphere on 11 February 1992.

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2008 Chandrayaan-1, is India's first mission to the Moon launched by India's national space agency the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The unmanned lunar exploration mission includes a lunar orbiter and an impactor. India launched the spacecraft by a modified version of the PSLV C11 on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh about 80 km north of Chennai at 06:22 IST (00:52 UTC).The mission is a major boost to India's space program, as India competes with Asian nations China and Japan in exploring the Moon. The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008.

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ARYABATTABHASKARA-1ROHINI(R.S-1)ROHINI(R.S-2)ROHINI(R.S.D-1)APPLEBHASKARA-2INSAT-1AROHINI(R.S.D-2)INSAT-1BSROSS-AIRS-1ASROSS-BINSAT-1CINSAT-1D IRS-1BSCROSS-C1INSAT-2AINSAT-2BIRS-P1SROSS-C2INSAT-2CIRS-1CIRS-P3INSAT-2DIRS-1dINSAT-2EIRS-P4INSAT-3B CHANDRAYAAN INSAT List of Indian Satellites

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Timeline of Indian Astronomy 1963 - First sounding rocket launched from TERLS (November 21, 1963).1965 -Space Science & Technology Centre (SSTC) established in Thumba. 1967 - Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station set up at Ahmedabad.1969 - Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) formed under Department of Atomic Energy. 1972 - Space Commission and Department of Space set up. ISRO brought under DOS 1975 - ISRO becomes Government Organisation (April 1, 1975). 1975- First Indian Satellite, Aryabhata, launched (April 19, 1975).1979 - Bhaskara-I, an experimental satellite for earth observations, launched (June 7, 1979). First Experimental launch of SLV-3 with Rohini Technology Payload on board (August 10, 1979). Satellite could not be placed in orbit.1981- First developmental launch of SLV-3.1984 - Indo-Soviet manned space mission (April 1984).1987 - First developmental launch of ASLV with SROSS-1 satellite on board (March 24, 1987). Satellite could not be placed in orbit.2001 - First Launch of the GSLV successfully completed on April 18 2001.

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Thank You! By, R.Rishyashring SJR Public School Source: www.wikipedia.org www.google.com www.ask.com www.myspace.com www.nasa.gov