basic history best - Copy

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1 Generations of Computers Email : professormaninder@gmail.com Website : www.eazynotes.com

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2 A computer is an electronic machine that can be programmed to accept data ( input ), process it into useful information ( output ), and store it in a storage media for future use. System Unit What is a Computer?

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History & Evolution Abacus Difference Engine Analytical Engine 1944 MARK I Howard Aiken at Harvard University 1951 - UNIVAC1 first commercial computer 1954 - Hewlett and Packard Met and setup shop in Garage at Silicon valley Mechanical Calculator

Abacus:

Abacus

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Difference Engine Analytical Engine 5

Mechanical Calculators:

Mechanical Calculators

UNIVAC 1:

UNIVAC 1

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8 1975 – Microsoft Founded Bill Gates with Paul Allen 1976 Apple 1981-IBM PC PC was introduced. 1989 – WWW Invented by Tim Berners-Lee 1969 – Internet was founded

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9 1994 – Netscape Founded by Jim Clark and Marc Andreesen Many more….

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Question - 10 PROCESS OUTPUT INPUT What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic machine that can accept data ( input ), process it into useful information ( output ), and store it in a storage device for future use.

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11 Computer Generation 1 st Generation 2 nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation 5th Generation

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12 1 ST GENERATION (1944 - 1958) : VACUUM TUBES Used thousand of vacuum tubes They were fastest calculating devices. Too large in size Large amount of heat due to thousands of vacuum tubes, so air conditioning was required High power consumption Frequent hardware failure due to burn out of tubes Costly to manufacture and maintain these computers The first computer using vacuum tubes was ENIAC

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13 1 ST GENERATION (1944 - 1958) : VACUUM TUBES IBM Punched Card (input) Magnetic Tapes (output) Vacuum Tubes (memory)

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14 UNIVAC ENIAC

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15 2 ND GENERATION (1959 - 1964) : TRANSISTOR Use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes These transistors were made of solid material, some of which is silicon, therefore they were very cheap to produce Easier to use and handle No burning out, but hardware failures were still there Almost ten times faster than tubes Much smaller than vacuum tubes and generate less heat . Less expensive to produce but still costlier

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16 2 ND GENERATION (1959 - 1964) : TRANSISTOR Produce less heat as compared to tubes but air conditioning was required High level programming languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL were used Easier to program these computers Batch operating system was used

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17 2 ND GENERATION (1959 - 1964) : TRANSISTOR

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18 3 RD GENERATION (1964 - 1970) : INTEGRATED CIRCUIT In 1958, Jack St. Clair Cilby & Robert Noyce invented integrated circuits IC’s consist of several electric components like transistors, resistors and capacitors embedded on a single chip of silicon SSI, MSI technology More powerful & faster than second generation computers. Smaller in size and require small space for installation Require less power and produce less heat but still need proper air conditioning Faster and large memory

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19 3RD GENERATION (1964 - 1970) : INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

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20 4TH GENERATION (1971- PRESENT) : INTEGRATED CIRCUIT Use of IC’s with VLSI technology Very Large-scale integrated (VLSI). Microprocessors and semiconductor memory Larger memory because of larger hard disks and floppy disks and magnetic tapes as portable storage media Very less heat hence no air conditioning was required instead fans were used

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21 4TH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT): INTEGRATED CIRCUIT Graphical User Interface operating systems were used Very easy to manufacture & maintain them and cost very less Very fast as compared to computers in early generations Microprocessors led to the invention of personal computers.

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22 4 TH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT ) : MICROPROCESSOR

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23 5th GENERATION - PRESENT & BEYOND IC’s based on ULSI technology Portable PC’s (notebook computers) were much smaller and handy Much faster and powerful than computers in earlier generations Consume very less power Less costlier and easy to maintain Newer and more powerful applications make computers more easy to use in every field

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24 5th GENERATION - PRESENT & BEYOND Consume very less power Less costlier and easy to manufacture and maintain Newer and more powerful applications make computers more easy to use in every field Artificial Intelligence (AI) concerns with making computers behave and think like humans. AI studies include robotics, expert systems, games, etc..

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25 5 th Generation (Present & Beyond) : Artificial Intelligence