Social Bases of Beh 2009 Online

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Chapter Overview : 

Chapter Overview Person perception Attribution processes Interpersonal attraction Attitudes Conformity and obedience Behavior in groups

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Social Influence Social Influence A change in behavior in response to the intentional or unintentional influence of others.

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Kinds of Social Influence: Conformity Social Influence Change in response to social norms

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Conformity Social Influence Solomon Asch (1950s) Experiment investigating group size and group unanimity

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Conformity: Asch Study

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Conformity

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Conformity Most participants conformed at least once to a larger majority.. . .

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The presence of just one dissenter in the Asch paradigm reduces conformity considerably . . . Conformity Social Influence

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Kinds of Social Influence: Compliance Change in response to a direct request

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Kinds of Social Influence: Obedience to Authority Change in response to a command

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Obedience to Authority “I was just following orders” Stanley Milgram - focused on obedience to a single authority figure, in a situation involving possible harm and negative consequences.

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Experimenter Teacher (Naïve P’s) Learner (Researcher) Milgram’s Study Basic question - how far average individuals, if under the right circumstances, might act with aggression when ordered to do so. 30 switches ranging from 15 to 450 volts

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Results of Milgram’s Initial Study

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Results of Milgram’s Initial Study

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What determines the level of obedience? In the original Milgram study, the learner was in another room and could be heard but not seen. What if he were closer? What if the teacher had to force his hand onto the shock plate? Obediance drops to 30%; but it’s still 30%! Questions?

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Variations on the Initial Milgram Study

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Making Attributions to Explain Behavior Social Influence Attribution: Attaching some causative statement about behavior along some dimensions.

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Making Attributions to Explain Behavior Social Influence Internal/External - Is the behavior characteristic of the person’s personality (Internal), the situation (External), or both?

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Making Attributions to Explain Behavior Social Influence Fundamental Attribution Error Attributing the cause of negative events to the person (Internal).

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Making Attributions to Explain Behavior Social Influence Actor/Observer Discrepancy – We attribute behavior of others to internal traits, but our own behavior to situational variables

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Making Attributions to Explain Behavior Social Influence Self-Serving Bias – Attributing our successes to dispositions and our failures to situations

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Cognitive Dissonance – uncomfortable feeling due to inconsistency between attitude and behavior or between two attitudes. Festinger & Carlsmith

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Persuasion

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Persuasion – Elaborative Likelihood Model suggest two routes for persuasion: Central Peripheral – Mere exposure effect

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Persuasion

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Persuasion – Elaborative Likelihood Model suggest two routes for persuasion:

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Group Influence Social Facilitation Social Loafing Group Polarization Groupthink

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Bystander Effect (Data from Darley & Latane, 1968)

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Bystander Effect (Data from Darley & Latane, 1968)

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Interpersonal Attraction

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Social Relations Determinants of Attraction Attraction: A fav/unfavorable attitude; a tendency to evaluate another in a pos/neg way.

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Social Relations Determinants of Attraction Attractiveness clearly varies by culture . . . It varies within culture as well . . .

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Social Relations What determines Initial Attraction? Physical attractiveness is one of the most powerful determinants of initial liking for another person.

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Social Relations What do we mean by Attractive? Numerous kinds of facial measures are taken in an attempt to quantify facial attractiveness.

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Social Relations What do we mean by Attractive? Which Lyle Lovett do you like the most? This one? Or this one? More people prefer the one on the right. Why?

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Social Relations What do we mean by Attractive? Which Kate Strube would Kate Strube prefer? This one? Or this one? Kate would probably like the one on the right more even though the one on the left is her actual school picture. Why?

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Social Relations What do we mean by Attractive? Which of these two faces do you prefer? Most people prefer the one on the right.

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Social Relations What do we mean by Attractive? Which of these three faces do you prefer? 1 2 3

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Social Relations What else effects Attractiveness? Proximity and repeated exposure

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Social Relations Attraction & Liking in Dorms(Priest & Sawyer) Proximity on the Same Floor % Liking Roommates 93% Next Door 57% 2-7 Rooms Apart 50% 8-13 Rooms Apart 44%

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Social Relations Situational Determinants of Attraction Do people become more attractive at closing time? Pennebaker et al. (1979) study

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Social Relations Situational Determinants of Attraction

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Social Relations Forms of Love Friendship Love - a close relationship composed of enjoyment, acceptance, trust, respect, mutual assistance, understanding, and spontaneity.

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Social Relations Forms of Love Romantic Love- is also referred to as passionate love or Eros. Typically, dominates in the early stages of a relationship.

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Social Relations Forms of Love Affectionate Love- (companionate love)- a deep caring affection for another as well as a desire to be near the other person.

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Social Relations Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love Liking Intimacy Infatuation Passion Empty Love Commitment Romantic Love Intimacy + Passion Companionate Love Intimacy + Commitment Fatuous Love Passion +Commitment

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Social Relations Matching Hypothesis Most people pair up with someone who is roughly similar in physical attractiveness.