Psychological Disorders and Treatment :Psychological Disorders and Treatment


Slide 2:Psychological Disorders and Treatment Demographics Disorder? Symptoms? What caused the disorder? What will happen in treatment?


Slide 3:The “Medical Model” abnormal behavior = disease Diagnosis Etiology Treatment/ Prognosis


Slide 4:BioPsychoSocial model - Abnormal behaviors = multiple causes.


Slide 5:“Diathesis – Stress Model” Diatheses (Risk factors) x Stress (Exceeds Coping Resources) = Increased Vulnerability to Disorder


What is abnormal behavior? :What is abnormal behavior? A continuum of normal/abnormal


Slide 7:Personal Suffering/ Other Distress - involves physiological, emotional, and cognitive symptoms.


Slide 8:Some Criteria for Abnormality


Slide 9:Some Criteria for Abnormality


Slide 10:- A personal inability to pursue and achieve goals vital to functioning as a person. Disability/Dysfunction


Slide 11:Disability/Dysfunction


Slide 12:Some Criteria for Abnormality


Slide 13:Danger


Slide 14:Some Criteria for Abnormality


Slide 15:Strange and Rareness This criteria is part statistical, it is infrequent behavior. Schizophrenia (1%)


Psychodiagnosis: Classification of Disorders :Psychodiagnosis: Classification of Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th ed. DSM - IV is a Multiaxial system for diagnosis Axis I: Clinical Disorders


Psychodiagnosis: Classification of Disorders :Psychodiagnosis: Classification of Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th ed. DSM - IV is a Multiaxial system for diagnosis Axis I: Clinical Disorders Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation.


Psychodiagnosis: Classification of Disorders :Psychodiagnosis: Classification of Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th ed. DSM - IV is a Multiaxial system for diagnosis Axis I: Clinical Disorders Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation. Axis III: Disorders due to a General Medical Condition. Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems Axis V: Global Functioning


Selected Clinical Syndromes :Selected Clinical Syndromes Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenic Disorders


Anxiety Disorders :Anxiety Disorders


Anxiety Disorders (27-28% prevalence) :Anxiety Disorders (27-28% prevalence) Panic disorder and agoraphobia Physical symptoms of anxiety/leading to agoraphobia


Anxiety Disorders (27-28% prevalence) :“free-floating anxiety” Generalized Anxiety Disorder Anxiety Disorders (27-28% prevalence)


Do you worry excessively about minor things?” :Do you worry excessively about minor things?”


Anxiety Disorders (27-28% prevalence) :Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Anxiety Disorders (27-28% prevalence)


Slide 27:Phobic disorder Specific maladaptive focus of fear


Slide 28:Virtual Exposure Treatment for Phobias


Anxiety Disorders (27-28% prevalence) :Anxiety Disorders (27-28% prevalence) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Obsessions/ Compulsions


Anxiety Disorders (27-28% prevalence) :Anxiety Disorders (27-28% prevalence) Social Anxiety Disorder social situations/evaluations


Etiology - Anxiety Disorders :Etiology - Anxiety Disorders Biological factors Conditioning and learning Genetic predisposition GABA Acquired - classical conditioning or observational learning Maintained - operant conditioning


Slide 32:Cognitive factors Personality Stress Judgments of perceived threat; excessive worry; rumination High Neuroticism Etiology - Anxiety Disorders


Slide 33:Treatment


Slide 34:Treatment for Psychological Disorders Therapist Orientations (APA Data, 1989)


Slide 35:Treatment for Psychological Disorders


Slide 36:Psychodynamic (Freud): goal -process unresolved unconscious conflicts


Slide 37:Techniques – dream analysis, free association, analysis of transference


Slide 38:Client Centered (Rogers) – goal is to restructure self-concept to better correspondence with reality


Slide 39:Techniques – accurate and genuine empathy, unconditional positive regard


Slide 40:Cognitive Therapy (Beck) – goal is to recognize and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.


Slide 41:Techniques – cognitive restructuring – ABC, journaling, thought records Cognitive Therapy


Slide 43:Behavior therapies - Changing overt behavior Systematic desensitization


Slide 44:Behavior therapies Systematic desensitization Exposure Therapy Aversion therapy Social Skills Training


Slide 45:Aversion Therapy Nauseating Substance (UCS) Aversion (UCR) Nauseating Substance paired with Bad Habit (CS) Aversion (UCR)


Slide 46:Biomedical therapies Biological functioning interventions


Mood Disorders (20-25% prevalence) :Mood Disorders (20-25% prevalence) Major depressive disorder Dysthymia depressed nearly everyday for at least 2-weeks long-term mild depression, typically less severe than Maj. Dep.


Slide 49:Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) seasonal depression


Mood Disorders (20-25% prevalence) :Mood Disorders (20-25% prevalence) Post Partum Depression depressed state following childbirth


Mood Disorders (20-25% prevalence) :Mood Disorders (20-25% prevalence) Bipolar disorder Manic (Bipolar I) or Hypomanic (Bipolar II) and normal mood/ depressive states.


Slide 52:Episodic patterns in mood disorders


Etiology of Mood Disorders :Etiology of Mood Disorders Genetic vulnerability Genetic predisposition, mood disorder sensitivity


Etiology of Mood Disorders :Etiology of Mood Disorders


Etiology of Mood Disorders :Etiology of Mood Disorders Neurochemical factors low levels of norepinephrine and/or serotonin


Etiology of Mood Disorders :Etiology of Mood Disorders Cognitive factors negative thinking, pessimistic explanatory style, excessive ruminating


Example of Pessimistic Explanatory Style :Example of Pessimistic Explanatory Style


Aaron Beck’s Cog Model of Depression :Aaron Beck’s Cog Model of Depression


Etiology of Mood Disorders :Etiology of Mood Disorders Genetic vulnerability Neurochemical factors Cognitive factors Interpersonal roots Precipitating stress social support; skills difficulties


Slide 60:Interpersonal factors in depression.


Slide 61:Effectiveness of Various Therapies and Meds for Major Depression


Slide 62:Effectiveness of Various Meds for Major Depression


Slide 64:Schizophrenia (1% prevalence) Thought disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive functioning.


Slide 65:Deterioration of adaptive behavior Schizophrenia (1% prevalence) Positive Symptoms Delusions Hallucinations Negative Symptoms Blunted and constricted emotions


Subtypes of Schizophrenia :Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid type Catatonic type Disorganized type Undifferentiated type Persecution or Grandeur Delusions striking motor disturbance incoherence, disorganization. not fitting into other categories.


Etiology of Schizophrenia :Etiology of Schizophrenia Genetic vulnerability


Etiology of Schizophrenia :Etiology of Schizophrenia Neurochemical factors high dopamine (pos symptoms), low serotonine (neg symptoms), interactions with other neurotransmitters


Slide 69:Structural differences in the brain Etiology of Schizophrenia correlation between enlarged ventricles in the brain and the occurrence of schizophrenic behavior.


Slide 70:Neurodevelopmental hypothesis – early brain insults increase vulnerability for schizophrenia


Slide 71:Expressed emotion and Stress Etiology of Schizophrenia