Learning 2009 Online class

Slide 1: 

Learning

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Learning - A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Thorndike, Pavlov, Watson, & Skinner: Learning Theorists Behaviorism

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Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949)- -trial & error learning

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Law of Effect (1927) “Actions which lead to a satisfying state of affairs are likely to be repeated.”

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B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)- Stimulus-Response contingency Operant Conditioning

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Human Learning Operant Conditioning Theory of learning that says the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its future occurrence (B.F. Skinner). Reinforcers Punishers

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Human Learning Increases the probability of a behavior occurring by receiving a pleasant stimulus. Positive Reinforcers

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Human Learning Negative Reinforcers Increases the probability of a behavior occurring by taking away a negative stimulus.

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Human Learning Positive Punishers Decreases the probability of a behavior occurring by receiving a negative stimulus. You have extra chores!

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Human Learning Negative Punishers Decreases the probability of a behavior occurring by removing a positive stimulus.

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Human Learning Using Reinforcers & Punishers

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Reinforcers or Punishers? Jodi:  "Treat collar - When the dog doessomething good, a treat comes out of it's collar.“ Jessica:  "Play bad music and when he does something good you take it away." Audrey:  "Purchase a hand held remote whichhurts the dog's ears.  When he bites you, you push it!“ Liz:  "Water tray with lid that covers water when misbehaving."

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Human Learning Principle of time interval - learning is optimal if the time interval between stimuli and responses is brief. Associated Principles

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Human Learning Associated Principles Shaping and Chaining - rewarding successively closer responses to the actual desired behavior.

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Fixed-Ratio (FR) – a specific number of behaviors are required before you are rewarded. Reinforcement Schedules: Ratio Schedules

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Reinforcement Schedules: Ratio Schedules Variable-Ratio (VR) - the behavior must be made on average around a certain number that is free to vary. 2nd base? # Dates

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Reinforcement Schedules: Interval Schedules Fixed Interval (FI) – a specific amount of time must elapse before you are rewarded.

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Reinforcement Schedules: Interval Schedules Variable-Interval (VI) – a non-standard amount of time (which varies around some avg, however) must elapse before you are rewarded. Pop Quiz!

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Classical Conditioning

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I. Pavlov - New behaviors occur due pairing with already learned S-R in a short time frame. Classical Conditioning

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Human Learning Principles of Classical Conditioning

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The Original Pavlovian Classical Conditioning Experiment

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - a stimulus associated with an initial response. Principles of Classical Conditioning

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Unconditioned Response (UCR) - a response associated with an initial UCS. Principles of Classical Conditioning

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - a stimulus due to learning elicits a similar response to a UCS. Principles of Classical Conditioning

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Conditioned Response (CR) - a learned response following a CS. Principles of Classical Conditioning

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Human Learning Principles of Classical Conditioning

Real World Pairings : 

Real World Pairings

Development of Phobias : 

Development of Phobias

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Human Learning Principles of Classical Conditioning

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Human Learning Stimulus Discrimination –not responding to non-CS including those which are similar to the CS. Conditioning Principles

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Human Learning Stimulus Generalization –responding to non-CS including those which are similar to the CS. Conditioning Principles

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Conditioning Principles Extinction – lack of reinforcement of the CR, leading to its decline.

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Human Learning Observational Learning Learning - by watching others

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Human Learning Bandura’s Cognitive Theory of Observational Learning People observe the behavior of others to gain knowledge about the kinds of things people do.

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Bandura’s Cognitive Theory of Observational Learning Four interacting mental processes occur:

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Bandura’s Cognitive Theory of Observational Learning Attention - Perceiving the model and find it interesting Four interacting mental processes occur: Memory - Encode info for later use Motor control- Memory guide actions Motivation - Reason to perform actions