Slide 1:Learning


Slide 2:Learning - A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Thorndike, Pavlov, Watson, & Skinner: Learning Theorists Behaviorism


Slide 3:Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949)- -trial & error learning


Slide 4:Law of Effect (1927) “Actions which lead to a satisfying state of affairs are likely to be repeated.”


Slide 5:B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)- Stimulus-Response contingency Operant Conditioning


Slide 6:Human Learning Operant Conditioning Theory of learning that says the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its future occurrence (B.F. Skinner). Reinforcers Punishers


Slide 7:Human Learning Increases the probability of a behavior occurring by receiving a pleasant stimulus. Positive Reinforcers


Slide 8:Human Learning Negative Reinforcers Increases the probability of a behavior occurring by taking away a negative stimulus.


Slide 9:Human Learning Positive Punishers Decreases the probability of a behavior occurring by receiving a negative stimulus. You have extra chores!


Slide 10:Human Learning Negative Punishers Decreases the probability of a behavior occurring by removing a positive stimulus.


Slide 11:Human Learning Using Reinforcers & Punishers


Slide 13:Reinforcers or Punishers? Jodi:  "Treat collar - When the dog doessomething good, a treat comes out of it's collar.“ Jessica:  "Play bad music and when he does something good you take it away." Audrey:  "Purchase a hand held remote whichhurts the dog's ears.  When he bites you, you push it!“ Liz:  "Water tray with lid that covers water when misbehaving."


Slide 14:Human Learning Principle of time interval - learning is optimal if the time interval between stimuli and responses is brief. Associated Principles


Slide 15:Human Learning Associated Principles Shaping and Chaining - rewarding successively closer responses to the actual desired behavior.


Slide 16:Fixed-Ratio (FR) – a specific number of behaviors are required before you are rewarded. Reinforcement Schedules: Ratio Schedules


Slide 17:Reinforcement Schedules: Ratio Schedules Variable-Ratio (VR) - the behavior must be made on average around a certain number that is free to vary. 2nd base? # Dates


Slide 18:Reinforcement Schedules: Interval Schedules Fixed Interval (FI) – a specific amount of time must elapse before you are rewarded.


Slide 19:Reinforcement Schedules: Interval Schedules Variable-Interval (VI) – a non-standard amount of time (which varies around some avg, however) must elapse before you are rewarded. Pop Quiz!


Slide 21:Classical Conditioning


Slide 22:I. Pavlov - New behaviors occur due pairing with already learned S-R in a short time frame. Classical Conditioning


Slide 23:Human Learning Principles of Classical Conditioning


Slide 24:The Original Pavlovian Classical Conditioning Experiment


Slide 25:Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - a stimulus associated with an initial response. Principles of Classical Conditioning


Slide 26:Unconditioned Response (UCR) - a response associated with an initial UCS. Principles of Classical Conditioning


Slide 27:Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - a stimulus due to learning elicits a similar response to a UCS. Principles of Classical Conditioning


Slide 28:Conditioned Response (CR) - a learned response following a CS. Principles of Classical Conditioning


Slide 29:Human Learning Principles of Classical Conditioning


Real World Pairings :Real World Pairings


Development of Phobias :Development of Phobias


Slide 33:Human Learning Principles of Classical Conditioning


Slide 35:Human Learning Stimulus Discrimination –not responding to non-CS including those which are similar to the CS. Conditioning Principles


Slide 36:Human Learning Stimulus Generalization –responding to non-CS including those which are similar to the CS. Conditioning Principles


Slide 37:Conditioning Principles Extinction – lack of reinforcement of the CR, leading to its decline.


Slide 38:Human Learning Observational Learning Learning - by watching others


Slide 39:Human Learning Bandura’s Cognitive Theory of Observational Learning People observe the behavior of others to gain knowledge about the kinds of things people do.


Slide 41:Bandura’s Cognitive Theory of Observational Learning Four interacting mental processes occur:


Slide 42:Bandura’s Cognitive Theory of Observational Learning Attention - Perceiving the model and find it interesting Four interacting mental processes occur: Memory - Encode info for later use Motor control- Memory guide actions Motivation - Reason to perform actions