motivation Sum 2009 Online

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Motivation The big “Why” question in Psychology :

Motivation The big “Why” question in Psychology

Slide 2:

The big “Why” question

Slide 3:

The big “Why” question

Slide 4:

The big “Why” question

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The big “Why” question

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Themes Within Motivation Motivation includes both approach and avoidance behaviors.

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Themes Within Motivation Motivation is a process.

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Themes Within Motivation Motivation can be self or environmentally regulated.

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Themes Within Motivation We are not always aware of the motivational basis for our behavior.

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Themes Within Motivation “Motives” vary over time and may be hierarchically arranged.

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Love and Belongingness

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Love and Belongingness

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Expressions of Motivation Overt Behavior: (Data from Mehrabian, 1968)

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Expressions of Motivation Physiological Behavior:

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Expressions of Motivation Self-Report: Objective

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Expressions of Motivation Self-Report: Projective

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Need for Achievement

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Need for Achievement

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Need for Achievement - desire to accomplish difficult tasks, outperform others and excel. Human Needs and Motivation Need for Power - desire to acquire prestige and influence over others.

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Correlates of High Achievers Work harder, persistently Delay gratification Pursue competitive careers Choose medium diff. tasks Atkinson’s Theory

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Correlates of High Achievers

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Hunger and Eating

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Historical Views LH -hunger center (ON) Hypothalamus

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Historical Views VH satiation center (OFF) Hypothalamus

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Current View – PV Nucleus

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Current Views Hormone leptin Provides Hypothalamus info about body’s fat stores.

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Social-Cultural factors Societal rules & conventions + learning about appropriate eating behavior = cultural taste preferences.

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LUNCH Calories? Workout Time Needed if Walking Dog?

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CHEESEBURGER 20 Years Ago Today 333 calories Today 590 calories National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Obesity Education Initiative

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FRENCH FRIES 20 Years Ago 210 cal 2.4oz Today 610 cal6.9oz National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Obesity Education Initiative

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CHEESEBURGER 20 Years Ago 85 cal 6.5oz Today 250 cal 20-oz National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Obesity Education Initiative

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CHOCOLATE CHIP COOKIE 20 Years Ago 55 cal 1.5-in Today 275 cal 3.5-in National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Obesity Education Initiative

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LUNCH 683 Calories vs. 1725 today 20 Years Ago

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LUNCH Walking Dog 3.0mph for 195lb person = 302 cal per hr So, roughly 5hr 45min 20 Years Ago

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LUNCH Vigorous Housecleaning for 195lb person = 388 cal per hr So, roughly 4hr 30min 20 Years Ago

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Theories of Motivation Instinct Approaches Drive-Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Incentive Theory

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Instinct Approaches to Explaining Motivation Premise: we’re biologically hardwired via evolution with certain propensities toward behaving (instincts).

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Instinct Approaches to Explaining Motivation An instinct is inferred from behavior it was purported to explain.

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A silly person has an instinct for silliness?

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Instinct Approaches to Explaining Motivation

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Drive-Reduction Theory to Explaining Motivation Premise: Biological needs create internal tensions.

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Drive-Reduction Theory to Explaining Motivation Drive--motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill some need.

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Why Use a Drive?

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Why Use a Drive? Drives reduce tension, returning the internal state to homeostasis.

Slide 49:

Arousal Approaches to Explaining Motivation

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Arousal Approaches to Explaining Motivation Goal: people often seek change tension in lives in fit their optimum level of arousal.

Slide 52:

Arousal Approaches to Explaining Motivation Premise: we have a best (optimal) level of arousal which allows us to function well.

Slide 53:

The Yerkes-Dodson Law A U-shaped curve describes the arousal-performance relationship

Slide 54:

The Yerkes-Dodson Law For low difficulty tasks

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The Yerkes-Dodson Law For high difficulty tasks

Slide 56:

Arousal Approaches to Explaining Motivation We maintain certain levels of optimal stimulation and activity, by increasing/reducing our behavior as necessary.

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Incentive Approaches to Explaining Motivation Goal: explains motivation in terms of external reasons.

Slide 58:

Incentive Approaches to Explaining Motivation People are motivated to behave if: 1. value the external incentive 2. expect to obtain it through your efforts.

Slide 59:

The Elements of Emotional Experience American Idol Auditions: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHuTFRjec1Y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEnsDnfiwLI