Psychological Research Methods :Psychological Research Methods


Why Used - :Why Used - Scientific Method 1. Ex. Specify a Problem to gather accurate information about mind and behavior. Steps in the Scientific Method


Slide 3:2. Systematically Observing Events


Why Used - :Why Used - Scientific Method 1. Ex. 2. Ex. Specify a Problem to gather accurate information about mind and behavior. Steps in the Scientific Method Systematically Observe Events


Slide 5:Systematically Observing Events


Why Used - :Why Used - Scientific Method 1. Ex. 2. Ex. 3. Ex. Specify a Problem to gather accurate information about mind and behavior. Steps in the Scientific Method Systematically Observe Events Form a Hypothesis


Slide 7:Formulate a testable hypothesis Hyp. Increases in the size and readability of writing on pharmacy bottles, leads to increases in pharmacy accuracy.


Steps in the Scientific Method :Steps in the Scientific Method Scientific Method 4. Ex. Test the Hypothesis


Slide 9:Testing the Hypothesis


Slide 10:Evaluation of Outcomes Experimental Groups


Steps in the Scientific Method :Steps in the Scientific Method Scientific Method 4. Ex. 5. Ex. 6. Ex. Test the Hypothesis Formulate a Theory Test/Revise a Theory


Slide 12:Product Sleeves/ Exaggerated Labels Sensory Image/ Focus Attention Iconic/Checklist Prescription Forms Focus Attention/ Aid Discrimination Self-Monitoring & Feedback General Awareness Delayed Script Verifications Implicit Knowledge Focused Attention Decision Making Criterion High-Intensity Light for Verification Sensory Image Creative Product Development Expectation Placebo Copy-strips on Computer Monitors Sensory Image/ Focus Attention C o g n i t i v e – S y s t e m s T h e o r y


Slide 13:Some Data Collection Techniques Used by Psychologists Correlational Research Naturalistic Observation Case Study * Laboratory Experiments Survey


Slide 14:Naturalistic Observation


Slide 15:Naturalistic Observation


Slide 16:Naturalistic Observation


Slide 17:Case Study http://gprime.net/video.php/napoleontopten


Slide 18:Correlational/Survey Research


Slide 19:Correlational/Survey Research What percentage of Americans have pretended to be talking on a cell phone when there was no one on the other end?


Slide 20:Correlational/Survey Research 2. What percentage of Americans said the word "y'all" was in their regular vocabulary?


Slide 21:Laboratory Experiments


Slide 22:Experiment = Laboratory Experiments Ex. manipulation of one or more variables under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed


Slide 23:Formulate a testable hypothesis Hyp. Focusing attention increases recall of important information, and decreases recall of non-important info.


Slide 24:Laboratory Experiments Independent variable = Ex. Dependent variable = Ex. variable manipulated variable affected by manipulation


Slide 25:Laboratory Experiments: Proving Cause-Effect Experimental group – Control group – group who receives some special treatment in regard to the independent variable similar people who do not receive the special treatment


Slide 26:Logic behind experimental and controls : Laboratory Experiments Random assignment. Manipulate independent variable(s) for one group only under controlled conditions Resulting group differences must be due to the independent variable


Slide 27:Basketball Experiment Hyp. Focusing attention increases recall of important information, and decreases recall of non-important info.


Slide 28:Basketball Experiment Control Group 2 Experimental Groups Simons & Chabris (1999)


Slide 29:Experimental Group#1 You will see two teams of players, one wearing white shirts and one wearing black shirts. Task: Try to count the number of times the team wearing WHITE passes the ball.


Slide 30:Laboratory Experiments Task: Watch the Video http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/15.php


Slide 31:Laboratory Experiments: Post-Study Questions Did you notice anything unusual on the video? Respond: Yes or No


Slide 32:Laboratory Experiments: Post-Study Questions Did you notice anything other than the six players? Respond: Yes or No


Slide 33:Laboratory Experiments: Post-Study Questions Did you see anyone else (besides the six players) appear on the video? Respond: Yes or No


Slide 34:Laboratory Experiments: Post-Study Questions Did you see a gorilla walk across the screen? Respond: Yes or No


Slide 35:Laboratory Experiments: Results


Slide 36:Laboratory Experiments: Results


Slide 37:Strength: Laboratory Experiments Weaknesses: - Ex. - Ex. conclusions about cause-and-effect can be drawn artificial nature of experiments ethical and practical issues


Slide 38:Experimental approach - Key elements - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Approaches Quasi-Experimental approach - Major Difference - NO random assignment to experimental conditions.


Slide 39:The Impact of Infant Drinking on Later Alcoholism?


Why Used?Ex. :Why Used?Ex. Correlational Approach and Surveys Faster and has potential to reach large segments of the population. Collect data from groups of people using questionnaires or interviews.


Slide 42:Which People? “Random” Joe “Random” Sue, Betty, George, Linda, Dawn, John, Eric, Paul, etc


Slide 43:Which survey? MMPI N E O P I FNS TPQ


Slide 44:When two variables are related to each other, they are correlated. Expressing the relationship Correlation = Number representing the relationship - Zero, Positive or Negative Direction of Correlation


Slide 45:r = 0.00 r = -0.50 r = +0.50 Direction of the relationship


Slide 46:When two variables are related to each other, they are correlated. Expressing the relationship Correlation = Number representing the relationship - Zero, Positive or Negative Direction of Correlation Strength of Correlation -1.00 to +1.00


Slide 47:Strength of the relationship


Slide 48:r = .56 (149/177)


Slide 49:Correlational Approach and Surveys Advantage – Disadvantage – explore questions that cannot be addressed experimentally cannot determine cause-effect Extraneous variables or Third variable problem- Are variables really related?


Slide 50:Watching for Research Flaws Sampling bias Ex. Placebo effects Ex.


Slide 52:Watching for Research Flaws Experimenter bias Ex. Distortions in self-report data: Social desirability bias Ex. Response set Ex.


Slide 53:Informed Consent, Deception, and Debriefing Informed Consent: Deception: Debriefing: Informed Consent: Deception: Debriefing: