Research methods 2009 OnLine class narrated

Psychological Research Methods : 

Psychological Research Methods

Why Used - : 

Why Used - Scientific Method 1. Ex. Specify a Problem to gather accurate information about mind and behavior. Steps in the Scientific Method

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2. Systematically Observing Events

Why Used - : 

Why Used - Scientific Method 1. Ex. 2. Ex. Specify a Problem to gather accurate information about mind and behavior. Steps in the Scientific Method Systematically Observe Events

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Systematically Observing Events

Why Used - : 

Why Used - Scientific Method 1. Ex. 2. Ex. 3. Ex. Specify a Problem to gather accurate information about mind and behavior. Steps in the Scientific Method Systematically Observe Events Form a Hypothesis

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Formulate a testable hypothesis Hyp. Increases in the size and readability of writing on pharmacy bottles, leads to increases in pharmacy accuracy.

Steps in the Scientific Method : 

Steps in the Scientific Method Scientific Method 4. Ex. Test the Hypothesis

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Testing the Hypothesis

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Evaluation of Outcomes Experimental Groups

Steps in the Scientific Method : 

Steps in the Scientific Method Scientific Method 4. Ex. 5. Ex. 6. Ex. Test the Hypothesis Formulate a Theory Test/Revise a Theory

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Product Sleeves/ Exaggerated Labels Sensory Image/ Focus Attention Iconic/Checklist Prescription Forms Focus Attention/ Aid Discrimination Self-Monitoring & Feedback General Awareness Delayed Script Verifications Implicit Knowledge Focused Attention Decision Making Criterion High-Intensity Light for Verification Sensory Image Creative Product Development Expectation Placebo Copy-strips on Computer Monitors Sensory Image/ Focus Attention C o g n i t i v e – S y s t e m s T h e o r y

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Some Data Collection Techniques Used by Psychologists Correlational Research Naturalistic Observation Case Study * Laboratory Experiments Survey

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Naturalistic Observation

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Naturalistic Observation

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Naturalistic Observation

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Case Study http://gprime.net/video.php/napoleontopten

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Correlational/Survey Research

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Correlational/Survey Research What percentage of Americans have pretended to be talking on a cell phone when there was no one on the other end?

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Correlational/Survey Research 2. What percentage of Americans said the word "y'all" was in their regular vocabulary?

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Laboratory Experiments

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Experiment = Laboratory Experiments Ex. manipulation of one or more variables under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed

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Formulate a testable hypothesis Hyp. Focusing attention increases recall of important information, and decreases recall of non-important info.

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Laboratory Experiments Independent variable = Ex. Dependent variable = Ex. variable manipulated variable affected by manipulation

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Laboratory Experiments: Proving Cause-Effect Experimental group – Control group – group who receives some special treatment in regard to the independent variable similar people who do not receive the special treatment

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Logic behind experimental and controls : Laboratory Experiments Random assignment. Manipulate independent variable(s) for one group only under controlled conditions Resulting group differences must be due to the independent variable

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Basketball Experiment Hyp. Focusing attention increases recall of important information, and decreases recall of non-important info.

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Basketball Experiment Control Group 2 Experimental Groups Simons & Chabris (1999)

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Experimental Group#1 You will see two teams of players, one wearing white shirts and one wearing black shirts. Task: Try to count the number of times the team wearing WHITE passes the ball.

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Laboratory Experiments Task: Watch the Video http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/15.php

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Laboratory Experiments: Post-Study Questions Did you notice anything unusual on the video? Respond: Yes or No

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Laboratory Experiments: Post-Study Questions Did you notice anything other than the six players? Respond: Yes or No

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Laboratory Experiments: Post-Study Questions Did you see anyone else (besides the six players) appear on the video? Respond: Yes or No

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Laboratory Experiments: Post-Study Questions Did you see a gorilla walk across the screen? Respond: Yes or No

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Laboratory Experiments: Results

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Laboratory Experiments: Results

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Strength: Laboratory Experiments Weaknesses: - Ex. - Ex. conclusions about cause-and-effect can be drawn artificial nature of experiments ethical and practical issues

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Experimental approach - Key elements - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Approaches Quasi-Experimental approach - Major Difference - NO random assignment to experimental conditions.

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The Impact of Infant Drinking on Later Alcoholism?

Why Used?Ex. : 

Why Used?Ex. Correlational Approach and Surveys Faster and has potential to reach large segments of the population. Collect data from groups of people using questionnaires or interviews.

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Which People? “Random” Joe “Random” Sue, Betty, George, Linda, Dawn, John, Eric, Paul, etc

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Which survey? MMPI N E O P I FNS TPQ

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When two variables are related to each other, they are correlated. Expressing the relationship Correlation = Number representing the relationship - Zero, Positive or Negative Direction of Correlation

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r = 0.00 r = -0.50 r = +0.50 Direction of the relationship

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When two variables are related to each other, they are correlated. Expressing the relationship Correlation = Number representing the relationship - Zero, Positive or Negative Direction of Correlation Strength of Correlation -1.00 to +1.00

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Strength of the relationship

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r = .56 (149/177)

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Correlational Approach and Surveys Advantage – Disadvantage – explore questions that cannot be addressed experimentally cannot determine cause-effect Extraneous variables or Third variable problem- Are variables really related?

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Watching for Research Flaws Sampling bias Ex. Placebo effects Ex.

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Watching for Research Flaws Experimenter bias Ex. Distortions in self-report data: Social desirability bias Ex. Response set Ex.

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Informed Consent, Deception, and Debriefing Informed Consent: Deception: Debriefing: Informed Consent: Deception: Debriefing: