Membrane technology

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BY- MD. RAIHAN (PG/FET-108109) “SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGG. & TECH. LONGOWAL; PUNJAB” INDIA -148106

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Microfiltration: MWCO>3,00,000Da, 0.1–2 bar Ultra filtration: 2000-3,00,000Da, 1–10 bar Nano filtration: 300-1000Da. 7 bar Reverse osmosis: 100-500Da, >70 bar

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Solute transfer depends on Physical structure of the membrane In RO Membranes – Non porous – Molecular Mechanism In UF, MF Solute Transfer – viscous flow In Foods Solute conc. –low – Permeability eq. where J = flux ( Kg/h ) DS = Permeability ( Kg/m 2 h Pa ) Δ P = Pressure loss ( Pa ) Z = membrane thickness ( m )

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P =Trans membrane Pressure.(Pa) P f =pressure of the feed(Pa) P r =Pressure of the retentate .(Pa) Pp =Pressure of permeate J = Total Flux (kg/hr) K = Mass Transfer co-efficient (Kg/m 2 h Pa) A = Area (m 2 ) ΔP = Applied Pressure (Pa) Δπ = Change in osmotic pressure. M = Molar conc. (mol/m 3 ) R = Universal Gas Constant (Pa/m 3 mol 0 K) T = Temp .( 0 K) J = KA (ΔP – Δπ ) Π =MRT

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Membrane module. Feed tank. Pump. Flow control device. Pressure retaining valve. Flow rate, Temp, Pressure monitoring Device. Heat exchanger.

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Support of membrane under required Hydraulic Pressure. Large surface area. Correct Hydraulic condition must maintain. Good Hygienic condition Cleaning and replacement of Membrane (1) physical properties of feed. (2) particle size of suspended matter (3) fouling potential of the feed stream

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Batch Type: Flat sheet: Plate and Frame: System of operation : Flat sheets stacked into an element This modules capable of operating up to 25% dissolved solids and operating pressures up to 4500 psi.

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2) Spiral wound : contd.... A sandwich of flat sheet membranes and supports, wrapped spirally around a collection tube The feed flows in against one end of the rolled spiral and along one side of the membrane sandwich. The support layers are designed to minimize pressure drop and allow a high packing density.

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B) Tubular Design: 1)Hollow Fiber module (0.001-1.2 mm dia) membrane fibers bundled within cylindrical pressure vessels. several metres long. The fibers are pressurized from the outside. Fibers can also be pressurized from the inside Hollow-fiber modules offer the greatest packing densities

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2) Wide Tubular system(0.6-2.5 cm) This modules have membranes supported within the inner part of tubes. Tubular modules are somewhat resistant to fouling when operated with a turbulent feed flow

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Concentration gradient is set up which may even give rise to a gel layer. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry defines as - The process that results in a decrease in performance of a membrane, caused by the deposition of suspended or dissolved solids on the external membrane surface, on the membrane pores, or within the membrane pores.

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Where, Rm =Membrane resistance Rf =Fouling Resistance. Rp =Resistance due to conc. Polarization

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The performance of membrane is describe by “ retention factor ”:- c f = Conc. of feed. c p = Conc. of permeable conc. Similarly in case of R O:- d= capilary dia. µ=dynamic viscosity L=Capillary length

Type of Membrane process for beverage and food industry: 

Type of Membrane process for beverage and food industry Fruit juice : - MF, UF, RO Wine and brewery :- MF,UF,RO Tea factories :- MF,UF,NF Dairy :- UF, RO Meat :- UF ,RO Fruits and vegetables :- RO Sugar :- UF,RO,MF

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Membrane separation processes are based on the ability of semi permeable membranes of the appropriate physical and chemical nature to discriminate between molecules primarily on the basis of size, and to a lesser extent, on shape and chemical composition. A membrane’s role is to act as a selective barrier, enriching certain components in a feed stream, and depleting it of others.

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QUERIES ??

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