anatomy 1 cells and tissues

ESSE 351Lecture 1 : 

ESSE 351Lecture 1

Slide 7: 

Anatomy- definition: structures - muscles, bones, tissues, fluids, spaces!! Physiology - definition - functions; operations of those structures

Planes of Reference : 

Planes of Reference

Slide 9: 

Terms of Orientation

Cells : 

Cells Cells – Many shapes and sizes

Cell Components : 

Cell Components

Tissues : 

Tissues combinations of cells that join together for a certain function 5 basic tissue types -epithelial -connective -vascular -muscular -nervous

1. Epithelial tissue : 

1. Epithelial tissue Tissue without intercellular substance Covers external surfaces of body Lines tubes/passages, internal cavities of body Function: depends where in body -protective, secretory, sensory, glandular, or absorptive Cilia - small hairlike projections on many surfaces of epithelium

2. Connective tissue : 

2. Connective tissue Few cells and much intercellular substance - semifluid or solid Matrix - noncellular, intercellular components of connective tissue Function: connect or support structures and maintain the body

2. Connective tissue : 

2. Connective tissue Loose connective tissue Binds parts together while allowing movement E.g. Areolar tissue - just beneath the skin Adipose tissue - high fat concentration

2. Connective tissue : 

2. Connective tissue B. Dense connective tissue closely packed collagenous or elastic fibers 1) tendons - tough and nonelastic fibers Attach muscle to bones, cartilages or other muscles 2) aponeuroses – tendonous sheets that form attachment from muscle to bone or other muscles 3) ligaments - more elastic fibers so good to join bones and cartilages more like rubber band to allow motion; but limits extent of motion 4) fascia – fibrous membrane separating muscles

2. Connective tissue : 

2. Connective tissue C. Special connective tissue - provides structure to body 1) cartilage - flexible supportive skeletal structures for larynx, trachea, bronchi, and ears 2) bone - rigid matrix - due to inorganic salt deposits (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate) outer portions dense layers; inner portion spongy 206 bones in the human body -axial skeleton - spine (vertebrae) and its extensions such as the ribcage, skull, -appendicular skeleton - appendages, pectoral girdle (upper limbs) and pelvic girdle (lower limbs)

2. Connective tissue : 

2. Connective tissue

Slide 19: 

Terms for parts of bones: -elevations -depressions condyle sulcus process fissure spine fossa tubercle meatus sinus facet foramen Joints: articulations - connections between bones

3. Muscular tissue : 

3. Muscular tissue tissue with elongated cells - made up of numerous muscle fibers bound together; fascicle - group of muscle fibers Able to contract and generate body movements voluntary involuntary Attach via tendon to bone or cartilage which determines the nature of the movement Origin Insertion

3. Muscular tissue : 

3. Muscular tissue a. Striated muscle - skeletal muscle voluntary muscle movements striated appearance 329 muscles, all but two are paired agonist/antagonist pairings synergists – muscles that stabilize a structure

Slide 23: 

muscle cell/fiber - cylindrical shape -multinucleated -myofibrils -filaments

3. Muscular tissue : 

3. Muscular tissue Fibrous tissue sheaths -endomysium - fibrous tissue that binds muscle fibers together -perimysium - binds groups of muscle fibers into fascicles -epimysium - sheath that encases whole muscle

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Myofibrils composed of approx 200 myosin molecules and approx 400 actin molecules -in presence of calcium, mitochondria release ATP to bath molecules causing actin and myosin molecules to bind to one another, i.e. contraction -complex process involving proteins, electrical signal from nerve, release of calcium

3. Muscular tissue : 

3. Muscular tissue b. Smooth (visceral) muscle Supplied by autonomic nervous system Involuntary muscles consist of fusiform cells with a single nucleus Contraction is ephaptic i.e. wavelike contraction across adjacent fibers c. Cardiac muscle - smooth and striated, involuntary

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Kinesiology - study of muscle movement -muscle length - may shorten 50-60% in contraction, though those attached to bones shorten less -muscle strength - capability of the muscle when contracted relates to how many fibers are contracting Weakness – paresis/paralysis - reduced or inability to contract -muscle tone - even at rest a muscle remains slightly contracted Rigidity - excessive muscle contraction at rest Flaccidity - no muscle contraction -muscle contraction: creates a mechanical action of bones and joints - provide us a mechanical advantage based on type of lever action created

Terms for muscle contraction : 

Terms for muscle contraction Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation (medial and lateral)

4. Vascular tissue : 

4. Vascular tissue 10% of body weight Tissue with intercellular substance that is fluid Function: conveys food and oxygen to living cells and removes waste from body, distributes heat, and defends from microorganisms Blood - erythrocytes (red cells), leukocytes (white cells), and Platelets and plasma Lymph - nutrient plasma of the tissue

Slide 31: 

5. Nervous Tissue Later lectures

Systems : 

Systems -when two or more organs combine for a function, this is a system Skeletal Articular Muscular Digestive Vascular Nervous Respiratory Urinary Reproductive Endocrine Integumentary -speech relies on the functioning of a number of these systems

Model of Speech Production : 

Model of Speech Production Auditory system Proprioception - awareness of location of our body in space Kinesthetic – info regarding body movement Tactile – touch/contact

Speech production: : 

Speech production: Nervous system – thoughts and words to muscle signals Respiration - lungs - source of sound energy Phonation - larynx - vibrating element Articulation - vocal tract - modifies the sound Resonance - vocal tract - modifies the sound