DNA Chromosomes and Genes

DNA, Chromosomes & Genes :DNA, Chromosomes & Genes


GENOME :GENOME The nucleus of a human cell contains between 30 000 and 40 000 genes. This complete set of genes is called the GENOME.


Describe the structure of the genome :Describe the structure of the genome


Describe the structure of the genome :Describe the structure of the genome Tightly coiled threads of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and associated protein molecules Organized into structures called chromosomes


What are CHROMOSOMES? :What are CHROMOSOMES?


What are CHROMOSOMES? :What are CHROMOSOMES? A packet of coiled up DNA Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes They are in the nucleus of cells


What are CHROMOSOMES? :What are CHROMOSOMES? Chromosomes contain a single, long piece of DNA A chromosome is about 0.004 mm long The DNA is about 4 cm long This is about 10 000 times longer than the chromosome So it has to twist and coil to fit inside


What are CHROMOSOMES? :What are CHROMOSOMES? There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of any one of your cells Each chromosome has a single strand of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which carries the code for a couple of thousand genes


What is a GENE? :What is a GENE?


What is a GENE? :What is a GENE? A code made up of pairs of bases carried on the DNA molecule. Each DNA molecule contains many genes The basic physical and functional units of heredity


What is a GENE? :What is a GENE? A specific sequence of bases Sequences carry the information needed for constructing proteins Proteins provide the structural components of cells and tissues as well as enzymes for essential biochemical reactions. The human genome is estimated to be made of more than 30,000 genes.


What is a GENE? :What is a GENE? Each chromosome carries a couple of thousand genes Many of these are common to all human beings. So, 99.9% of your DNA is identical to everyone else's


What is a GENE? :What is a GENE? The remaining 0.1% influences the differences between us height, hair color and susceptibility to a particular disease Environmental factors, such as lifestyle (for example, smoking and nutrition) also influence the way we look and our susceptibility to disease


What is DNA? :What is DNA?


What is DNA? :What is DNA? The DNA molecule is made from two strands, twisted together in a double helix. The links between each strand are called bases.


What is DNA? :What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid The molecule that contains the genetic code It coils up tightly inside chromosomes DNA is a double helix made from two strands which are joined together by a pair of bases


Slide 17 :http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/info=basics/show/gene


What is DNA? :What is DNA? The DNA molecule is a double helix It has two strands with links between them The two linked strands twist like a corkscrew


What is DNA? :What is DNA? Each link between the strands is made from a pair of bases The sequence [order] of these base pairs is unique to any individual


Describe the DNA molecule :Describe the DNA molecule


Describe the DNA molecule :Describe the DNA molecule Two strands that wrap around each other to resemble a twisted ladder whose sides Made of sugar and phosphate molecules Connected by rungs of nitrogen- containing chemicals called bases


Slide 22 :http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/info=basics/show/dna


What are BASES? :What are BASES?


What are BASES? :What are BASES? Nitrogen- containing chemicals The parts of the DNA molecule that join the two helix strands They are like rungs on a ladder


What are BASES? :What are BASES? There are four bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C) Each base can only join with one other base they join together in pairs: A with T and G with C.


What are BASES? :What are BASES? The particular order of the bases is called the DNA sequence The sequence gives the exact genetic instructions needed to create a particular organism with its own unique traits.