epidemiological principles in control of communicable and non communic

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KIRANDEEP RANDHAWA EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES IN CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE AND NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PRESENTED BY

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Introduction Infectious diseases a serious problem to world health. One important reason for higher death due to infectious disease.Effective control of communicable diseases is necessary for national development and economic self dependence.

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Factors in causation of communicable disease

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The nature of infecting factor, duration of contact and invasiveness . The source of pathogen or nature of infecting factors , duration of contact and invasiveness. The toxicity of pathogen . The sensitivity of nature of host .

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Chain of communicable disease

Infectious agent :

Infectious agent Bacterial Virus Protozoa Fungus Worms

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2 . Reservior Human beings Animals Environment

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3. Portal of exit Respiratory tract Intestinal tract Any other system of body Bite of dogs and mosquitoes and rodents

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4. Mode of transmission Direct Indirect

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5 . Portal of entry 6 . . Susceptible host Persons age ,physical and mental health. The number of bacteria and their efficiency.

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Heamotopoietic factors. Duration of contact The number of T- lymphocytes .

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Disease prevention and control

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A. Base line measures Surveillance Notification Controlling the reservoir or source of infection Early diagnosis Isolation Treatment

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Disinfection Quarantine

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Surveillance Finding source and mode of transmission of diseases. Identification of infected patients and susceptible host. Evaluating the measures and diseases control

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II .Notification The purpose of notification is to take immediate measures against the spread of disease. Timely notification of disease before it becomes an epidemic.

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III . Controlling the reservoir i) Early diagnosis Early diagnosis is needed for- Treatment. To study the time period, place and person distribution . For the institution of prevention and control of measures.

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ii) Isolation Types of isolation Standard isolation Strict isolation Protective isolation. High security isolation .

iii) Treatment :

iii) Treatment Treatment reduces the communicable disease cut short the duration of illness and prevent development of secondary cases.

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iv) Disinfection Proper disinfection of stool,urine ,sputum, blood , body secretions and other infected materials prevents the spread of disease .

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V) Quarantine Limitation of freedom of movement of such well persons or domestic animals exposed to communicable disease for a period of time not longer than the longest usual incubation period of the disease.

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B. Hospital acquired/nosocomial infectious disease Controlling the infection in the patient. Preventing spread of disease to other.

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General care of infectious patient. Personal grooming. Other measures. Contd ….

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C. Interruption of transmission

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D. Susceptible host Active immunization Passive immunization Combined passive and active immunization Chemophrolyxis Non specific measures Causal Clinical

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General Nursing Responsiblity

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Giving information regarding infectious disease to concerned officers. Provide full co-operation in surveillance system . Developing resistance power in susceptible persons participation in vaccination. Isolating infected persons from the community.

Contd…..:

Contd….. Educating the public .This includes :- Give information about availability effect and time table of vaccination . Provide information regarding the initial signs of the disease and the importance of early treatment. Discuss the importance of personal hygiene and environmental hygiene .

Contd ……:

Contd …… Emphasize the importance of proper food ,housing waste disposal and healthy habits .provide information regarding the danger of disease producing organism. Give information regarding sexually transmitted disease.

Other responsibility :

Other responsibility Having latest knowledge regarding epidimiology . Visiting contacts and keep watch on susceptible host. Taking care of one own safety .

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Summarization Introduction Definition of epidemiology Factors in causation of communicable disease Chain of communicable disease

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Base line measures surveillance Notification controlling the reservoir or source of infection Early diagnosis Isolation Treatment Quarantine

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Interruption of transmission Susceptible host General nursing responsibilities Hospital acquired / nosocomial infectious disease

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Bibliography Basanthappa BT ,"Community of health nursing”, 1 ed, Jaypee publication ,Pp:162-174. Park .K,”Preventive & social medicine”,18 ed,M/s banarsidas bhanot publication,Pp:520-530 .

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Swankar .k (2006) “Community health nursing”, 2 nd ed., N.R brothers Pp 625-632.

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Thanks