Slide 1:1 COMPUTER LANGUAGE AND ITS GENERAL PURPOSE


COMPUTER LANGUAGE :COMPUTER LANGUAGE Computer deals with a certain computer languages A computer language is the means by which instructions and data are transmitted to computers. Instruction given to the computer to perform a particular task through computer languages are called programs. Examples: C,C++ Java , FORTAN, BASIC etc. 2


GENERATION OFCOMPUTER LANGUAGE :GENERATION OFCOMPUTER LANGUAGE Computer languages are the interface between a computer and a human being. There are 5 generations of computer languages. These are as follows-- 3


FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGE :FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGE Lowest level/Machine level computer language. Also Known as Computer’s Native Language. Information is conveyed to the computer by the programmer as binary instructions (Consisting of 0’s & 1’s). Period of operation: 1940’s & early 1950’s(Toggle switches are used) 5


ADVANTAGES :ADVANTAGES Translation Free. High Speed. DISADVANTAGES Machine Dependent. Complex Language. Error prone. Tedious 6


: Assembly or assembler language IBM was the main Developer. Allows programmer to interact directly with the hardware. Assigns a mnemonic code to each machine language instruction to make it easier to remember or write. Assembler translates only the assembly language program into the machine language. 7 SECOND GENERATION LANGUAGE


ADVANTAGES :ADVANTAGES Comparatively Easy to Understand & Use. Less Error Prone. Efficiency More Control on Hardware. DISADVANTAGES Machine Dependent. Hard to Learn Slow development Time. Less Efficient. 8


Examples :Examples FLOW-MATIC, a language that developed by an American computer scientist and Naval officer Grace Hopper, that made programming easier for the naval researchers using the ENIAC computer. 9


THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGE :THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGE Enable a programmer to create program files using commands that are similar to spoken English. Major means of communication between the digital computer and its user. Actual program written in the 3GL is called the source program. Information in a source program is converted into the object program by an intermediate program called an interpreter or compiler. 10


Contd… :Contd… An interpreter is a program that converts (or executes) a source program, usually on a step-by-step, line-by-line, or unit-by-unit basis. A compiler is a program that translates a source program written in a particular programming language to an machine language as a whole. The compiler is a very specific interpreter, which is both language and machine dependent. 11


ADVANTAGES :ADVANTAGES Readability Machine Independent Easy Debugging Easier to maintain DISADVANTAGES Poor control on Hardware. Less Efficient. Require more memory and run more slower. 12


Programming Example: :Programming Example: BASIC Code: //SUM OF TWO NUMBERS// LET X = 10 LET Y = 20 LET SUM = X + Y PRINT SUM 13


EXAMPLES: :EXAMPLES: By 1957, IBM had created a language called FORTRAN (Formula Translator),designed for scientific work involving complicated mathematical formulas. It became the first high-level programming language (or "source code") . Refinements to FORTAN gave rise to ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) and COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language). 14


Contd… :Contd… In the early 1960s, scientists at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire developed BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). This was the first widespread computer language designed for personal computers . C series of programs (i.e., C, C +, C ++). The latter are object-oriented languages . The C series of programs first allowed a computer to use higher-level language programs . 15


FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGE :FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGE Consist of English-like words and phrases. Non-procedural language. 4GLs are divided into 3 categories- Query Language: Use Structured Query Language (SQL) as the basis for operations, developed at IBM to develop information stored in databases. 16


Contd… :Contd… Report Generator: Produce customized reports using data stored in database. Application Generator: With this, user writes programs to allow data to be entered into the database. 17


ADVANTAGES :ADVANTAGES An application can be created in much shorter time for development & debugging. Programming effort is Saved. Use of procedural templates &data dictionary allows AUTOMATIC TYPE CHECKING, resulting fewer error. Routine Tasks are automated. 18


DISADVANTAGES :DISADVANTAGES Lengthy programs. Requires more disk space & memory. Limited control over Language & Resources, results inflexibility. Cannot directly utilize computer power available at hardware level. 19


EXAMPLES :EXAMPLES PROLOG, an artificial intelligence language that applies rules to data to arrive at solutions. In 1991, Refinement of C++ that would be adaptable to the Internet. The result, in 1995, was Java. The program formed the basis of the Netscape Internet browser. Java enables files to be acquired from the Internet in order to run programs or subprograms. This adaptability has made Java a very popular language. 20


FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGE :FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGE Conceptual view of what might be the future of programming languages. Able to process natural languages No need of learning any programming language to communicate with the computers. It will have the capacity to interpret what it hears through microphone and could perform tasks. 21


Contd… :Contd… These languages are still in their infancy, only few are currently commercially available. They are closely linked to artificial intelligence and expert systems. 22


TYPE OF COMPUTER LANGUAGES :TYPE OF COMPUTER LANGUAGES Divided into 2 major categories: 1) Lower Level language. 2) Higher Level Language. 23


Low-level languages :Low-level languages Historically Low-level languages were developed first. Low – level languages are machine dependent. Every manufactures develop their own language. The low-level languages vary from machine to machine. Ex: If one learns and works on one machine, after changing the computer, one has to learn again new language for the new machine. 24


Types of Low level languages :Types of Low level languages Low – level languages are of two types Machine languages Assembly languages 25


Machine language :Machine language It deals with only binary codes i.e. 0 for off & 1 for on. Example : 00000001 00000011 1st bit shows the sign character of the no. These codes vary from machine to machine. Difficult to understand & work with. 26


Assembly Language:(Symbolic Language) :Assembly Language:(Symbolic Language) Instead of numeric code, some symbols are used. Examples: LOAD BASEPAY ADD OVERPAY STORE GROSSPAY Symbols also vary from machine to machine. Assembly Program—(Assembler)--Machine language program +Error messages. 27


High Level Languages :High Level Languages High Level languages are machine independent. Familiar to Programmer. Easy to learn and with less time. May be used with different types of computers with little or no modification. Thus, Reduces re-programming time 28


Contd.. :Contd.. The various High – Level Languages are BASIC – Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code FORTRAN – Formula Translation COBOL – Common Business Oriented Language PASCAL – Named after Blaisé Pascal C Series– The latest and most powerful language. 29


Summary :Summary Computer languages can be grouped based on many criteria. Till now we have discussed the classifications based on Generations and levels. Other classifications can also be made on human readability, chronological, etc., 30


Measuring Usage Of Languages :Measuring Usage Of Languages It is difficult to determine which programming language is most widely used, and usage varies by context. One language may occupy the greater number of programmer hours, a different one may have more lines of code, a third may utilize the most CPU time. Some languages are very popular for particular kinds of applications. 31


Example :Example COBOL is still strong in the corporate data center, often on large mainframes FORTRAN in engineering applications C in embedded applications and operating systems Other languages are regularly used to write many different kinds of applications. 32


Conclusion :Conclusion In this scientific world, Computers has become a necessity. Knowing about the technical aspects of computers has also become essential. Today we have tried to explain a broad concept of ‘Computer language’ and its ‘general purpose’ within a short span of time. Hope this is useful to all of us. 33


We are open FORany queries :34 We are open FORany queries Bon Merci