Entrepreneurship on Agril Engg Technologies

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Dr. R. T. Patil Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal 462 038 (MP) Entrepreneurship Development based on Agricultural Engineering Technologies Food Grain & Oil Seeds Fruits & Vegetables Spices & Condiments

Production & Post Harvest Scenario: 

Production & Post Harvest Scenario Agriculture contributes about 17.5% of GDP, employees 57% workforce and sustains approx over 70% of the population India produces about 230 million tons of food grains and 53.1 and 91.6 million tons of fruits and vegetables and ranks second in world however losses are 3-18% Low level of processing of fruits and vegetables at only 2% . Food processing is employment intensive, creates 1.8 jobs directly and 6.4 indirectly for every Rs. 10 lakh investment

Production Mechanisation : 

Production Mechanisation Mechanization enables timeliness in field operation. Seedbed preparation and sowing can be completed in 1-2 days before soil becomes too dry. Delay of every day beyond optimum results in loss of about 0.5-1.0% in productivity. Conventional seedbed and sowing with paleva irrigation can easily take 8-10 days, thus gain of 4-5% minimum and can be up 8-10% or even more. Mechanization helps achieving optimum plant population through precision in metering and placement of seed and fertilizer, more so if a planter is used which can increase yield by 5-10% or more. Mechanization enables practicing raised-bed-farming where crop could be raised under aerobic conditions contributing in yield increase by 5-10%. It facilitates furrow irrigation conserving water by 20-30%.

Production Mechanisation : 

Production Mechanisation Sowing of wheat after paddy harvest can be advanced by 8-10 days with Zero-till Drill which enhances yield by at least 4-5%, but could be upto to 10% or more. Line sowing and mechanical weeding in rice can increase yield by 10-15% both in upland and wetland crops Pressurized irrigation like drip & fertigation increase productivity by 25-50% and irrigation water saving in same measure. Power sprayers bring timeliness in plant protection measures due to high field capacity saving the crop from pest damage, improving the harvest, easily 10-15%. Harvesting by VCR and power threshing speeds up operation and prevents wastage due to untimeliness and eliminate vulnerability to adverse weather condition. Combining does it even more so besides being a cheaper option.

Production Mechanisation : 

Production Mechanisation Mechanization enables crop intensification by clearing field for next crop early, prepare seedbed and sowing quickly making use of available soil moisture. Rotavator that prepares seedbed in one or two passes saves both time and energy. It is useful equipment in rice-wheat farming and increasingly becoming popular. Seed-cum-Fertilizer Drill is also an energy conserving equipment that saves energy by conserving inputs of seed and fertilizer as compared to conventional methods. It speeds up operation. Pressurized irrigation system, Drip Irrigation, Fertigation , and Raised-bed Farming with furrow irrigation save 20-40% of irrigation water thereby saving energy. Pre-Germinated Paddy Seeder saves energy required for nursery raising and arduous transplanting. Self Propelled Mechanical Rice Transplanter also saves lot of costly human labour . SRI method also conserves commercial energy relying on mechanical weeding and human labour .

Production Mechanisation : 

Production Mechanisation Zero-Till Drill not only advances sowing but conserves lot of energy by eliminating seedbed preparation. It also saves one irrigation. Wheel-hoe, animal and tractor operated cultivators are energy efficient interculture equipment, saving energy. Herbicides are also energy efficient weed management option. Harvesting of paddy and wheat with Vertical Conveyor Reaper and Power Threshing are efficient options. In terms of cost and time saving, combining is even a cheaper option. Laser Land Levelers are helpful in conserving irrigation water thus conserving commercial energy besides assuring uniformity in water application contributing in increased productivity.

Mechanisation Options : 

Mechanisation Options Unit Operation Traditional Improved Seedbed preparation Desi Hal & variants (AD) Moulboard Ploughs (AD) Spike Tooth Harrow Spring Tooth Harrow (AD) Singh Patela (AD) Bakhar (AD) Dufan an Tifan (AD) Wooden Planker (AD) Mallet, Flail (M) Scoop/Buck-scraper (AD) Bund Former (AD) Floats (AD) Spade, Pick Axe, Crowbar Single Action/Reversible MB Ploughs Disc Ploughs (TM) Sub- Soiler (TM) Tandem/Offset Disc Harrow (TD/TM) Rigid/Spring Tyne Tillers (TM) Tiller with Crushing Roller (TM) Puddlers (AD &TM) Scraper/ Leveller (TM) Laser Land Leveller (TM) Raised Bed Former, Ridger , Furrower (TM) Post Hole Digger/Auger (TM) D = animal drawn, TD = tractor drawn, TM = tractor mounted, PT = power tiller operated, M = manual, P = power-engine or motor, R = rice, W = wheat.

Mechanisation Options : 

Mechanisation Options Seeding & Planting: Rice Broadcasting, Lehi, Bayasi Manual transplanting Zero-Till Drill (TM) 8-row Mechanical Rice Transplanter (SP) Pre-germinated Paddy Seeder Wheat Broadcasting Desi Hal with Seeding Funnel Dufan and Tifan Raised Bed Seeder (TM) Seed/Seed-cum-Fertilizer Drill (TM) Zero-Till Drill (TM) Strip-Till Drill/Roto-Till Drill (TM) Maize, Cotton Manual Seedling/Dibbling Desi Hal with Seeding Funnel Seed-cum Fertilizer Drill (TM/AD) Seed-cum-Fert Planter (TM/AD) Vegetable Dibbler Planter (M, TM) Garlic planter (M, TM) Veg. Transplanter (TM) Potato Manual on flat bed or furrow Karaha to cover (M) Automatic Potato Planter Semi-automatic Potato Planter (TM) Sugarcane Manual Set-Cutter Planter (TM) Stubble Shaver (TM) D = animal drawn, TD = tractor drawn, TM = tractor mounted, PT = power tiller operated, M = manual, P = power-engine or motor, R = rice, W = wheat.

Mechanisation Options : 

Mechanisation Options Weeding & Interculture Physical Manual with Khurpi/ Khurpa Dora (AD) Datari (AD) Ridger (AD) for earthing Wheel-hoes (M) Cultivator with Full & Half Sweeps (TM) Rotary Power Weeder Power Tiller for Alley Management Ridger (TM) for earthing Plant-Protection Hand Compression Sprayer Rocking/Pedal Operated Sprayer Hand Rotary Duster Knap Sack Sprayer with long boom (M) Knap Sack Power Sprayer (M) Tractor/PT operated Sprayers (TM, PT) Aero-Blast Sprayers (TM) Irrigation Swing Basket (M) Dhekuli (M) Mhote/Charas (AD) Rahat/Vasher Rahat (M) Flooding, Basin, Furrow Irrigation Ponds, streams, reservoirs Dugwells, Baulis Centrifugal Pumps Submersible Turbine Pumps Axial Flow Pumps Ponds, Reservoirs Dugwells Tubewells Streams Flooding, Basin, Furrow irrigation Drip-surface, sub-surface Sprinkler, Micro-sprinklers D = animal drawn, TD = tractor drawn, TM = tractor mounted, PT = power tiller operated, M = manual, P = power-engine or motor, R = rice, W = wheat.

Mechanisation Options : 

Mechanisation Options Weeding & Interculture Physical Manual with Khurpi/ Khurpa Dora (AD) Datari (AD) Ridger (AD) for earthing Wheel-hoes (M) Cultivator with Full & Half Sweeps (TM) Rotary Power Weeder Power Tiller for Alley Management Ridger (TM) for earthing Plant-Protection Hand Compression Sprayer Rocking/Pedal Operated Sprayer Hand Rotary Duster Knap Sack Sprayer with long boom (M) Knap Sack Power Sprayer (M) Tractor/PT operated Sprayers (TM, PT) Aero-Blast Sprayers (TM) Irrigation Swing Basket (M) Dhekuli (M) Mhote/Charas (AD) Rahat/Vasher Rahat (M) Flooding, Basin, Furrow Irrigation Ponds, streams, reservoirs Dugwells, Baulis Centrifugal Pumps Submersible Turbine Pumps Axial Flow Pumps Ponds, Reservoirs Dugwells Tubewells Streams Flooding, Basin, Furrow irrigation Drip-surface, sub-surface Sprinkler, Micro-sprinklers D = animal drawn, TD = tractor drawn, TM = tractor mounted, PT = power tiller operated, M = manual, P = power-engine or motor, R = rice, W = wheat.

Mechanisation Options : 

Mechanisation Options Harvesting & Threshing Sickle-plain/serrated (M) Fruit Plucker (M) Sythe, Dao, Gandas (M) Animal Treading, Beating with flail Olpad Thresher (AD) Winnowing Fan (M, P) Vertical conveyor Reaper (Walking) Vertical Conveyor Reaper (SP) Vertical Conveyor Reaper (TM, PT) Power Thresher (R, W, Sorghum etc) Power Multi-crop Thresher Maize Dehusker Maize Dehusker-Sheller Potato Digger/Digger-Shaker Grain Combine Straw Combine Sugarcane Harvester Cleaning and Grading Supa, cleaning basket Chhalna, Screen Hand picking Winnowing/Winnower Pedal Operated Screen Cleaner Fruit Graders Power Operated Pre-cleaner (P) Air Screen Cleaner (M) Vibratory Separator/ Gravity Separator (P) Oscillating Multi-screen Cleaner/ Grader (P) Spiral Separator (M) Disc Separator (P) Fruit & Vegetable Washer (P) Fruit & Vegetable Packaging Line (P), etc. D = animal drawn, TD = tractor drawn, TM = tractor mounted, PT = power tiller operated, M = manual, P = power-engine or motor, R = rice, W = wheat.

Agro Processing : 

Agro Processing Can provide processed food of highest quality at affordable cost to consumers Help environment by processing food in production catchment with least food miles Ensure traceability of raw materials used for processed product hence great for export and elite urban market. Help effective backward linkage with farmers for processing their raw produce Shorten the supply chain, increase the profitability of farmers and ultimately increase in GDP from agriculture and reduce poverty Reduce post harvest losses and increased availability of by products for animal feed.

Agro Entrepreneurship : 

Agro Entrepreneurship

Agro Entrepreneurship : 

Agro Entrepreneurship

Price Difference : 

Price Difference Wheat - Rs 12/kg Wheat Flour Rs. 16-18/kg Fortified Flour Rs. 20-25/kg Oil seed – Rs 35/kg Oil Rs. 70/kg Paddy – Rs 12/kg Rice – Rs. 25/kg Mung- Rs. 20/kg Mung dal – Rs. 60/kg Maize-Rs.13/kg Maize flour-Rs. 16/kg Tomato-Rs. 5/kg Tomato ketchup-Rs 50-80/kg Fruit- Rs. 15-20/kg Fruits Bar-Rs. 200/kg Fruit Juice- Rs. 35/litre Coriander -Rs. 80/kg Coriander Powder-Rs. 200/kg Turmeric-Rs.65/kg Turmeric Powder –Rs. 200/kg Chili- Rs. 200/kg Chili Powder-Rs. 300/kg Black pepper-Rs. 100/kg B Pepper Powder- Rs.300/kg Chana Dal- Rs. 28/kg Chana Dal-Rs. 35/kg Besan- Rs. 40/kg

Post Harvest Operations and Equipment: 

Post Harvest Operations and Equipment Operation /activity Conventional Technology Improved Technology Milling mills Hand and foot pounding, rice Modern rice, dhal and flour mills, stone grinders, oil expellers, solvent extraction plants Byproduct utilization Direct feed and fuel uses Solvent extraction of rice bran and oil cakes, pelleted animal feed, etc. Marketing Selling raw materials to middlemen of trade at low prices Selling of cleaned, graded and value added products in attractive packaging directly to super / cooperative markets for better profitability Preparation & Utilization Open vessel cooking and traditional food preparations Pressure and microwave cooking. Nutritionally balanced diet / recipes. Use of refrigerators, grinders/ mixtures.

Equipment for APC for Food grains, Rice and Oil : 

Equipment for APC for Food grains, Rice and Oil Description Nos Rate Rs. Mini Rice Mill unit (with cleaner, sheller and polisher) with 10 hp electric motor 1 300000 300000 Grain cleaner/Grader 1 10000 10000 Mini Dal Mill (Pulse milling plant) 50000 50000 Grain mill (Plate type atta chakki of 300-350 mm diameter ) 1 20000 20000 Mechanical oil expeller (6 volt) 250000 250000 Millet thresher 1 10000 10000 Masala Chakki (Spices grinder) 1 8000 8000 Pearlar 1 15000 15000 Flour Mixer 15000 15000 Bagging, packing machines 0 35000 35000 Bags and packing material 15000 15000 10 hp Electric motor 25000 25000 Electrical connection 0 LS 4000 Furniture and other non recurring expenses 0 LS 4000 Total 761000

Economics of APC for Food grains, Rice and Oil : 

Economics of APC for Food grains, Rice and Oil Particulars Rs. Equipment Cost 761000 Contingent expenses (Monthly), Rs 4700 Working capital per month 720800 Fixed cost per kg 1.81 Variable cost per kg Paddy 12.21 Dhal/Masala 28.72 Oil 18.22 Return on investment, % (Net profit per year / Total capital investment) Paddy 20.82% Dhal/masala 21.23% Oil 14.32% Break Even Point, kg of production (Fixed cost per year/(Sell price/kg-variable cost/kg) Paddy 1294.22 Dhal/Masala 851.57 Oil 520.39 Pay Back Period, Year (Total capital investment/Net profit per year) 1.69 year

Equipment for APC for Fruits & Vegetables : 

Equipment for APC for Fruits & Vegetables Description Nos Rate Rs. Working Tables 3 30000 30000 Weighing balance 1 25000 25000 Stainless steel container 2 1000 1000 Stainless steel container 3 1500 1500 Improved stoves/ LPG burner 3 5000 5000 Washing Machine 1 35000 35000 Basket Centrifuge 1 20000 20000 Pulp extractor 1 9500 9500 Glass jars, various sizes 500 5000 5000 Hand /electrical operated capping device (cappers) 1 5200 5200 Work benches 3 3000 3000 Slicer 1 55000 55000 Peeler 1 55000 55000 Tray dryer 1 125000 125000 Pulverizer/Hammer mill 1 35000 35000 Packaging materials 10000 10000 Walk in cooler (Cold Storage) 1 800000 800000 Total 1229850

Economics of APC for Fruits & Vegetables : 

Economics of APC for Fruits & Vegetables Particulars Rs. Equipment Cost 1229850 Other contingent expenses (Monthly) 4700 Working capital per month 650800 Fixed cost per kg 2.73 Variable cost per kg Minimal processing 14.05 Drying 24.09 Value added Pro 14.05 Return on investment, % (Net profit per year / Total capital investment) Minimal processing 13.66% Drying 24.40% Value added Pro 49.18% Break Even Point, kg of production (Fixed cost per year/(Sell price per kg-variable cost per kg)) Minimal processing 273.3 Drying 10.85 Value added Pro 342.79 Pay Back Period, Year (Total capital investment/Net profit per year) 1.29

Equipment for APC for Spices, Condiments & Others: 

Equipment for APC for Spices, Condiments & Others Description Nos Rate Rs. Cleaner/Grader 1 10000 10000 Masala Chakki (Spices grinder) 1 25000 25000 Dryer 2 125000 250000 Micro pulverizer 1 35000 35000 Boiling 1 50000 50000 Polisher 1 45000 45000 Oil expeller 2 70000 140000 Weighing balance, Packaging materials 1 25000 25000 Cotton ginning 1 250000 250000 Bagging, packing, sealing machines 1 35000 35000 Miscellaneous equipments like handling bins, storage vessels, Etc. 1 50000 50000 10 hp Electric motor 2 25000 50000 Electrical connection 1 4000 4000 Furniture and other non recurring expenses 1 4000 4000 Total 973000

Economics of APC for Spices, Condiments & Others : 

Economics of APC for Spices, Condiments & Others Particulars Rs. Equipment Cost 973000 Other contingent expenses (Monthly) 4700 Fixed cost per kg 2.4325 Variable cost per kg Spices 49.53 Oil 24.37 Cotton 28.53 Return on investment, % Spices 76.19 Oil 6.12 Cotton 8.84 Break Even Point, kg of production Spices 235.38 Oil 798.16 Cotton 1665.96 Pay Back Period, Year Total capital investment/Net profit per year 0.76

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Minimal Processing of Vegetables

PowerPoint Presentation: 

PKV Dal Mill Capacity 100-125 kg/h, Power required 3 hp Approx. Cost: Rs 60000 Efficiency-82-85% Versatility of PKV dhal mill has been enhanced for polishing mold-affected sorghum and also (ii) for cleaning wheat.

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For demonstration, training and incubation and also to conduct scale up trials on laboratory optimized conditions for vegetable milk extraction and related studies Capacity: 20 lit/batch, Cost: 3.0 Lakh Modern Vegetable Milk Extraction Unit

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Mobile Agro Processing Unit Suggested for Cleaning, Grading, Destoning of food Grains Cost: Rs. 2.00 –3.00 Lakh Equipment: As per requirement of the region

Process Technology for Guava Bar: 

Process Technology for Guava Bar Guava is perishable in nature and cannot be stored for more than two days during peak season. Guava can be processed into a number of products like fruits bar and beverage Fruits, which are rich in nutrients can be blended to improve its acceptability and flavor Guava bar acceptable even after 6 month of storage Composition: Moisture: 15%, Vitamin C: 120 mg/100g , Acidity: 1.08%, Reducing sugar: 14%, Non-reducing sugar: 46%, Weight of each bar: 5-10 g , KSM: 0.2%

Process Technology for Ber Preserves : 

Process Technology for Ber Preserves Excellent natural color Very good texture Rich in Vit. C Rich in minerals Least enzymatic browning Can keep well up to 6 months

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Soy Fortified Protein Enriched Mix Fruit Leather from Sapota The mixed fruit leather was prepared by mixing 60-80% sapota pulp in various proportions with different fruit pulps namely mango, papaya and banana at the rate of 5% each to have better taste and flavour of the product. Soy paste (okra) at the rate of 10 % was also added to this mixture. Total soluble solids (TSS) of the mixture are adjusted up to 30 brix by adding sugar syrup. Fruit leather was obtained by drying of pulps in tray dryer at 60  C for about 10 to 11 h. and analyzed for proximate composition. The fruit leather prepared by mixing sapota pulp (75%), soy paste (10%) and other fruit pulps (each 5%) was rated best among all combinations.

Evaporatively Cooled Room for Storage of Fruits and Vegetables : 

Evaporatively Cooled Room for Storage of Fruits and Vegetables Compared on the basis of 10% physiological loss in weight (PLW) the shelf life inside the room was 34 days for early kinnow, 23 days for late kinnow, 11 days for cauliflower and 4 days for spinach as compared to 21, 11, 5 and 2 days respectively in an ordinary room at the same time. The cost of the chamber is Rs. 50000 and capacity is 2 tonnes. This technology has been transferred to 3 farmers for on farm use. An evaporatively cooled (EC) room (3x3x3m. size) was developed for on-farm storage of fruits and vegetables. The summer temperature inside the EC room was 5-8C lower than that inside the ordinary room and winter temperature was 5-8 C higher than that inside the ordinary room.

CIPHET Evaporative Cooled Storage Structure : 

CIPHET Evaporative Cooled Storage Structure Storage of fruits and vegetables Evaporatively Cooled Structure (ECS) maintains a moderate low temperature and sufficiently high relative humidity for short term storage of fresh fruits and vegetables. Advantages Low level consumption of electricity Less initial investment Negligible maintenance cost Features Special design of roof, orientation Uses wetted pad as cooling medium 20 o C below the outside temperature An ECS of about 5 -7 tonne storage capacity may cost about Rs. 1.5 – 1.8 lakh.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

The APCs have the potential to Provide Urban-amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) through employment and income generation among the rural youth. The GDP growth in Agriculture is three times more effective to reduce the poverty compared to GDP growth from other sources Thank You !!!