harvard referencing system

PGD (ATHE) Research Methods: 

PGD (ATHE) Research Methods Session 4 Tutor: Raja Khan

Recap - Previous Session: 

Recap - Previous Session Introduction to Literature Review Writing a literature review Analysing literature sources Sections in a literature review Plagiarism and ethics Ethical principles in research

Session Plan: 

Session Plan What is referencing and why it is needed? What is plagiarism ? What does paraphrasing mean ? Introduction to Harvard Referencing. What is In-text Citation ? What is a Reference List ?

What is Referencing?: 

What is Referencing? A term used to confirm the source of quotes , ideas and illustrations inserted in research or academic work. There are various referencing styles: Harvard Referencing System APA Referencing It is important that you are consistent in the application of referencing system you use.

Sections of Referencing: 

Sections of Referencing A reference consists of three sections: The text/material being referenced. Citation/reference itself. Entry in reference list. Main Body End list

Why Referencing is Important?: 

Why Referencing is Important? To acknowledge the source of information. To tell your reader where an idea comes from. To help you build the argument. To provide justification for a strong statement. To attribute a quotation. To support your point of view with the published work. Source: Jankowicz (2000)

What is Plagiarism?: 

What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is using someone’s work: Without their permission; Without giving them credit; Taking the ownership of the material; Intentionally or Unintentionally . Source: Mirka (2004)

Group Activity: 

Group Activity You are required to work in groups. Discuss with your group members the scenario provided by the teacher. Answer whether this scenarios is Acceptable or Not Acceptable in terms of research ethics and referencing principles; and explain why or why not ? Duration: 20 Minutes

Examples of Plagiarism: 

Examples of Plagiarism Copying material from online encyclopedias. Copying and pasting text from any website. Using photos, videos or audio without permission. Citing sources that you have not used. Using your own work without properly citing it. Using another person’s work and claiming it as your own (even with permission) . Quoting a source without using quotation marks (even if you do cite it) . Submitting same work for more than one courses without permission of both tutors (self-plagiarism) . Source: Mirka (2004)

How to Avoid Plagiarism?: 

How to Avoid Plagiarism? Rephrase; use your own words and thoughts. Acknowledge by giving credit to the author. “Quotes” should be used for exact words. Include full source info in final reference list . Avoid using other’s work with slight “ cosmetic ” changes. Improve your data recording skills by writing down the source as you are taking notes.

What is Citation?: 

What is Citation? Citation is the practice of referring other’s work in your text. Citation is important because: It provides evidence of the background reading. It supports the content and conclusions. It enables reader to locate the cited references. (Source: ARU Guide, 2008)

Citation (In-text referencing): 

Citation (In-text referencing) Where information is referred directly , author is named in text along with date in brackets. Example : Backett (1999) stated that business within ... As per Smith and Peter (1999), the idea ... Williams et al., (2002) concluded that …

Citation (In-text referencing): 

Citation (In-text referencing) Where the author is cited in support or source of information (not referred directly) , both surname and date in brackets. Example : Since this is the best practice to run successful operations and achieve corporate objectives effectively (Backett, 1999).

Citation (In-text referencing): 

Citation (In-text referencing) If statement included is taken from more than one work, list the author and date for each publication in order of date. Example : Two of the main concepts identified by the author are staff motivation and compensation & reward system (Maslow, 1991; Williams, 2000; Peters, 2002).

Citation (In-text referencing): 

Citation (In-text referencing) More than two authors for same work, enter name of the first author and et al., In Latin et al., means “and others” ( et al., should be in italics). Example : Programming is essential to support link between hardware and software (Rigby et al., 2008). Note : You must list all authors in the reference list at the end.

Citation (In-text referencing): 

Citation (In-text referencing) Author with More Than One Published Work in the Same Year : Example : (Smith, 2007a); (Smith, 2007b) When there is No Author (or unidentified): Example : (Anon, 2006) ‘Anon’ means anonymous. When there is No Date : Example : Smith (n.d.) stated that … ‘n.d.’ means “no date”.

Dealing with Quotes in-text: 

Dealing with Quotes in-text When quoting directly in the text. Use “quotations” acknowledging author's name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets. If you copy material from a source, you must show this clearly to avoid plagiarism.

Dealing with Quotes in-text: 

Dealing with Quotes in-text Short quotations: Up to 2 lines can be included in the body of the text. Examples: Weir (2005, p.24) stated that “defining roles and their remits is not simple”. Chartrand et al., (2007, pp.10-11) argued that “the laws can be effective when they create the conditions leading to peace”. This view is…

Dealing with Quotes in-text: 

Dealing with Quotes in-text Longer quotations: Should be indented in a separate paragraph: Example: Thomas & Ingham (1995, p.33) described as: "Development is infectious, and staff who previously have recoiled from undertaking a degree or conversion course have been encouraged by the success of others.”

Secondary Referencing : 

Secondary Referencing When you are referring to the work of another author and the primary source is not available. Example : Simon (2004) cited in Douglass (2009) stated… Notes : Secondary referencing should be avoided if at all possible. The reference list at the end of your document should only contain works that you have read.

Repeat Citation (ibid): 

Repeat Citation (ibid) Ibid: An abbreviation for ibidem , a Latin word meaning “in the same place”. Used in footnotes and references to refer to a source cited in a previous entry (the same). Example: Internal and external factors needed to be analysed in order to reduce the risk of failure for a new product, idea or method. Most of the managers prefer a combination strategies because absence or mishandling of innovation can cause a disaster for whole organisation (ibid). Source: http://dictionary.reference.com

Class Activity: 

Class Activity You are required to work independently and compare results with the group members. Provide citation considering scenarios mentioned in the activity sheet. Compare your results with the solution sheet. Duration: 20 Minutes

Short Break: 

Short Break Break Duration: 20 Minutes

Reference List: 

Reference List As per Harvard Referencing System, all cited material is listed in alphabetical order at the end of the project. Purpose of a reference list is to enable sources to be easily traced by the reader (& by the author, if needed ). Different types of publication require different amounts of information but there are certain common elements such as authorship, year of publication and title.

A General Overview: What is required in a reference list?: 

A General Overview: What is required in a reference list? Author Year of publication Title of article / chapter Title of publication Issue info Place of publication Publisher Edition Page number URL Date accessed Book Chapter Journal article Official doc Internet site

Reference List: 

Reference List Referencing Books : Use the title page, not the book cover, for the reference details. Required elements for referencing a book are: Authors’ Surname, Initials/First name. (Year) Title of book. Edition (if not 1 st ). Place of publication: Publisher. Example: Volk, A. (2008) Basic Marketing . 5th edn. New York: McGraw Hill. Douglas, M. and Watson, C. (2004) Networking , London, Macmillan.

Reference List: 

Reference List Books with two or more authors: Example (2 authors): Barker, R. and Smith, J. (2009) Narrative analysis . 3rd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Example (3 or more authors): Kirk, J., Munday, R. and Grace, B. (2008) A history of the world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Reference List: 

Reference List Referencing multiple works by same author: Several works by one author published in the same year, should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the date. Examples: King, P. (2004a) Power in Australia, St. Lucia, UQP. King, P. (2004b) Solar Power, Melbourne, Macmillan.

Reference List: 

Reference List Books which are edited: Author/Editor (ed.) (Year of publication) Title of book in italics. edition (if not 1 st ). Place: Publisher. Example: Brown, P. (ed.) (2007) Perspectives in sociology . Belmont: Wadsworth. John, D. & Steve, K. (eds.) (1990) The active interview . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Reference List: 

Reference List Books which have been translated : Author, Year. Title of book .. Translated from (language) by (name of translator) Place of publication: Publisher. Example: Canetti, E. (2001) ‘ The voices of Marrakesh: a record of a visit’, Translated from German by J.A.Underwood. San Francisco: Arion.

Reference List: 

Reference List Referencing Journal Articles: Required elements are: Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Journal name, Volume (issue), pages. Example: Lewis, A. (2006) ‘Current recession: business in the current global scenario', Journal of Business Management, 14 (1), pp. 52–58.

Reference List: 

Reference List Referencing Journal Articles (m ore than 2 authors) : In text, name of the first author followed by et al., (year), while reference list should display all of the authors. Example: Rigby, M., Clark, J., Savill, A., & Lervy, B. (2008) ‘Integrated record keeping’, British Medical Journal, 317 (758), pp. 579-582.

Reference List: 

Reference List Newspaper articles : Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Newspaper, Day and month before page number and column line. Example: Slapper, G. (2010) Corporate manslaughter: new issues for bankers. The Times , 3 Jan. p. 4b.

Reference List: 

Reference List Referencing Newspaper Articles: Newspaper article (with author) Albert, N. (2010) Saving the future, The Times , 7 Feb., p.10. Newspaper article (no author, no title) Independent, (2010), Alarm over binge drinking, Independent , 16 June, p.4.

Reference List: 

Reference List Referencing annual report: Required elements for a reference are: Corporate author, Year. Full title of annual report, Place of publication: Publisher. Example: Marks & Spencer, (2009) The way forward , a nnual report 2008-2009 , London: Marks & Spencer.

Reference List: 

Reference List Referencing from dissertation: Author, Year of publication. Title of dissertation . Level. Place of University: Name of University. Example: Raj, S. (2009) Customer expectations in the world of electronic banking. Ph. D. London: University of East London.

Class Activity (in groups): 

Class Activity (in groups) You are required to create a reference list considering the examples provided. Printed books with 2 author. Printed books with 3 or more authors. Multiple works by the author, in same year . Printed Journal Articles, with 2 authors. Referencing annual reports. Duration: 20 Minutes

Referencing Electronic Data: 

Referencing Electronic Data Specification of the type of medium, in square brackets. For example, [Online] or [Pdf]. Full specification of the website/URL, which indicates the type of online medium, e.g. www. Specification of the date that the item was accessed, since electronic documents are often updated. An indication of the size of the document, e.g. pagination if that is known; labelled part, section, table etc; or size of the file.

Referencing Electronic Data: 

Referencing Electronic Data Referencing websites from world wide web: Authorship/Source (Year) Title of document or page . [medium] (date of update) Available at: include full web link/URL link (Uniform Resource Locator) and [Accessed date]. Example: UEL electronic Library (2003) Can banks survive? [Online] (Updated 16 Jan 2005) Available at: http://www.uel.ac.uk/banking [Accessed 10 April, 2005].

Referencing Electronic Data: 

Referencing Electronic Data Referencing E-books: Author, (Year) Title of book . [medium] Place: Publisher. Available at:” include e-book source and web link/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date]. Example: Fishman, R. (2005) The rise and fall of suburbia . [e-book] Chester: Castle Press. Available at: Digital Library/e-books http://lss.uel.ac.uk/E-books [Accessed 5 January, 2010].

Referencing Electronic Data: 

Referencing Electronic Data Journal articles from an electronic source: Author (Year) Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [medium] Volume (Issue number), Page numbers if available. Available at: include URL(Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date]. Example : Boughton, J. (2002) The Bretton Woods proposal. Political Science Quarterly , [online]. 42 (6), Available at: Blackwell Science Synergy http://www.pol.upenn/articles [Accessed 12 Jan, 2005].

Referencing Electronic Data: 

Referencing Electronic Data Referencing a GOVT. Publication or similar: Authorship (Year) Title of book . [medium] Place of publication: Publisher. Available at: URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date]. Example: Department of Health, (2008) Health inequalities: progress and next steps . [pdf] London: Department of Health. Available at: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/DH_085307 [Accessed 9 June, 2008].

Referencing Electronic Data: 

Referencing Electronic Data Online newspaper articles : Author (Year) Title of document or page . Name of newspaper, [medium] date. Available at: include web site URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date]. Example: Chittenden, M., Rogers, L. & Smith, D. (2003) Focus: ‘Targetitis ails NHS. Times Online, [internet] 1 June. Available at: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/daily.html [Accessed 17 March 2005].

Session Recap: 

Session Recap Importance of Referencing. Understanding Harvard Referencing System Understanding & avoiding plagiarism. In-text Citation Reference List/Bibliography Question Time: Any Questions ?