Basil and Geranium Cultivation and Management

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Presented by : Rahul Kaushik M.Pharmacy (IInd Semester) Rameesh Institute of Vocational and Technical Education Greater Noida Cultivation and Management Basil 2. Geranium

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Basil … The King of Herbs Annual herb cultivated worldwide as flavouring herb. More than 150 different varieties of basil, each with its own distinct flavor and chemical composition. Flavors include hints of lemon, thyme, jasmine, clove, cinnamon and anise.  Distinct Flavor and character of varieties of basil attributed to many external environmental factors, viz temperature, type of soil, geographic location, and even the amount of rainfall received by the individual plant.

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Varities African Blue Basil Produces purple leaves that turn green as leaves grow to full size. This variety has a distinctly sweet flavor. Genovese Basil Most common variety. Leaves are shiny and green and plant produces white flowers. Flavor is slightly peppery and a little sweet. Holy Basil Has either pale green (often called white) or purple leaves with pinkish-purple flowers. Has a strong clove flavor and worshiped as Sacred plant in Hindu religion. Purple Basil Produces large, ruffled, purple leaves. This variety is strong in flavor, but it can easily be used in any recipe. African blue basil Genovese basil Holy basil Purple basil

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Red Rubin Basil Produces very large, reddish-purple leaves. Flavor is argued to be the strongest of all varieties. Widely used for flavored oils and vinegars. Varities Spicy Globe Basil Produces leaves that are much smaller in size than most varieties. The flavor is typical for basil, sweet and slightly peppery, but it is very strong. Thai Basil Produces purple flowers and dark green leaves that are smaller and more elongated. It is slightly sweet and has a strong licorice flavor Red Rubin basil Spicy Globe basil Thai basil

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Chief Chemical Constituents Primary chemical constituents of Basil include : Essential oil (estragol , eugenol, lineol, linalol), Caffeic acid, Rosmarinic acid, tannins, beta carotene, and vitamin C. The essential oil (0.5%) obtained from this plant contains camphor. Uses Basil is aromatic and carminative. It will help to expel flatulence, and ease griping pains in the abdomen. Basil is antispasmodic, anti-oxidant and stomachic. It had been sometimes used for whooping cough. ***Dose: Being a flavouring agent its dose is individual dependent or use dependent.

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Basil The King of Herbs Ocimum basilicum L.

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Introduction Ocimum basilicum L. [Lamiaceae/Labiatae)] is an annual herb known for its flavorful foliage Common Names Hindi : Babui tulsi, kali tulsi. Sanskrit : Manjarika, tungi. Gujrati : Damaro. English : Basil,Garden basil,Sweet basil. French: Basilic, Pistou. Greek : Vasiliko. Telgu : Bhutulsi, rudrajada. Chinese : Luo le. Japanese : Meboki, Bajiru. Morphology : Thin branching root. Bushy stems ( upto 1-2 Ft) bears many leaves with a characteristic purple hue or coloration. Flowers are peculiar in having two lips. Floral colors can vary from in fully white to fully red.

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Basic Steps of Agrotechnology

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Cultivation and Management Habitat Native to Indian sub-continent and Persia only but cultivated in almost every part of the world.

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Manual broadcasting Mechanical broadcasting

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VI. Irrigation Basil will not tolerate moisture stress. Provide a regular supply of water through drip or overhead irrigation. VII. Weed Control Currently, there are no herbicide registred for basil with the exception of Devrinol, which may be used only on basil grown for oil production. Weed control is critical. To keep weed populations low : Use high plant populations, Shallow cultivation, or Mulching with plastic or organic material. VIII. Pests and Diseases Basil suffers from several plant pathogens that can ruin the crop and reduce yield. Fusarium wilt. Seedlings may also be killed by Pythium damping off. Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. Black spot can also be seen on basil foliage and is caused by the fungi genus Colletotrichum.

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Fusarium wilt on (A) young and (B) old basil plants, and (C) crown and root rot symptoms Symptoms of gray mold, incited by Botrytis cinerea, on (A) leaves, (B) stems, and (C) packed bunches of basil Patch caused by Rhizoctonia solani on basil crop Patches of poor growth of basil caused by attack of Pythium ultimum VIII. Pest and Diseases

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Control measures available against pathogens of Basil **Javelin (Bacillus thuringiensis) is the only insecticide registered for use on basil

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Harvest individual leaves at any time during the growing season or prior to bloom. Use scissors or a sharp knife when harvesting just a few leaves. The entire upper stem and leaves can be harvested, but leave at least 4 sets of leaves -about 13 cm (5 inches) -or the plant may die. Avoid wetting the leaves as they will become discolored. Presence of blossoms in the harvested foliage reduces the quality, and consequently price, of the fresh and dried product. Frequent trimming helps keep plants bushy IX. Harvesting and Storage :

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Storage and Handling Fresh leaves can be stored by blanching and storing them in refrigerator or in ice cubes. For a dried finished product : Wash leaves, Spreaded on screens, and Weeds and blossoms are shorted out. To retain maximum color, circulate warm air (less than 1300 F) around the leaves until dry. Sun-dried leaves tend to be brownish. Store in air-tight containers in the dark. For essential oil production, cut basil should be field dried for 1-3 days prior to collecting and distillling. X. Production and Yield : - Leaf yields range from 1 to 3 tons per acre dried or 6 to 10 tons per acre fresh.

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Basil Products

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Geranium Geranium maculatum L. (Spotted Geranium )

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Introduction : Geranium maculatum L. (Geraniaceae) - a perennial herb, growing up to 2 feet tall with hairy stems. Cranesbill is a North American herb used in traditional Native American medicine for centuries in the treatment of inflammation and hemorrhoids. It is a powerful astringent and is useful in restoring venous health, reducing passive bleeding, and treating diarrhea. Cranesbill Root found to be active against bacteria that causes tuberculosis. The Indians also ate the young green leaves as food.

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Common names English : Alumroot, American Cranesbill, Cranesbill, Dovefoot, Wild Geranium. Hindi : Geranium. Kannada : Pannir soppu, Pannir patre. Tamil : Geranium. Plant Characteristics Duration: Perennial Habit: Herb Leaf Retention: Semi-evergreen Size Class: 1-3 ftFruit Type: Capsule Flower Size: 1 to 1.5 inches across Fruit Length: 1 inch. Bloom Information Bloom Color: White , Pink , Purple Bloom Time: Mar , Apr , May , Jun , Jul Bloom Notes: Color ranges from pink to white to lavender.

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Cultivation and Management Habitat Dry or moist woods, woodland edges, dappled meadows. Geographical distribution Native to Northeastern USA. Other species of Geranium also grown in different parts of the world such as Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, (India), England etc. Chief Chemical Constituents Tannic acid, gallic acid, red coloring matter, a resinoid and essential oil (skin cleanser, toner). Preparations Extractum Geranii Fluidum (Fluid Extract of Geranium). Dose : 10 to 60 minims. Specific Medicine Geranium. Dose : 1 to 10 minims. 1 Minim = 1/480 f.o. (fluid ounce) 1 f.o. = 28 ml.

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I. Soil and Climate requirements Soil : Moist, slightly acidic, rich loamy soil with abundant organic matter. Soil pH : Acidic (pH<6.8). Temperature : 50 C – 280 C. Light : Partial shade, shade.

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III.Planting

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VI. Harvesting and Storage The rhizome of cranesbill is unearthed in September and October, washed, cut into pieces and dried. Drying can be performed by mechanical driers. Dried rhizomes are stored in airtight containers. VII. Uses Cosmetic Use: As skin cleanser, toner, boost lymph and blood circulation ans maintains skin elasticity.Use Medicinal: Entire plant was boiled to make tea for diarrhea. Roots steeped in water used as a rinse for diarrhea and inflamed gums. Tea used as rinse for sore throat, thrush, and mouth ulcers. Dried, powdered roots applied to bleeding blood vessels to promote coagulation.

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Geranium Products

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Conclusion : Herbal drug cultivation and management is a difficult but interesting task. It requires knowledge about the importance of drug , its economic significance and proper methodology for its optimum growth. In addition skills , dedication and equipments are required for a good yield of medicinal plant. The medicinal importance and economic significance of Basil and Geranium species opened new doors for traditional cultivators to raise their source of income.

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References : www.mdidea.com www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.angelfire.com www.pfaf.org www.mobot.org www.missouriplants.com www.geraniumgallery.net www.henriettesherbal.com www.wildflower.org www.plants.usda.gov www.holisticonline.com www.hort.purdue.edu Phenolics composition and antioxidant activity of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.).:J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jul 16;51(15):4442-9.

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Thanks