Anti-Bacterial Drugs of Herbal Origin :Anti-Bacterial Drugs of Herbal Origin 1 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Introduction :Introduction In the recent years, interest in herbal medicines and medicines from other natural products have grown among : Healthcare Professionals Scientists and General public Almost every modern drug owes its origin to some medicinal plants. Examples Ephedrine,Vincristine,vinblastine, etc. Reason: Less side effects Easy availability Holistic beliefs of society and Increase in resistant strains of pathogens. 2 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Anti-Bacterial Drugs :Anti-Bacterial Drugs Drugs that possess: Ability to restrict the growth of bacteria Either by Killing the bacteria (Bactericidal) or inhibiting the growth of bacteria( Bacteriostatic ). Destroys the bacteria present internally or within the human body. On application to living tissues, reduce the possibilities of infection, sepsis or putrefaction. are termed as anti-bacterials. Now a days, as the researchers are developing new drugs against bacteria, the bacteria are also developing resistance to the existing anti bacterial drugs (mostly from synthetic origin). So to combat these problems number of Pharmaceutical firms are looking for the natural compounds and investing huge proportions of their R&D budgets in the development of natural and herbal pharmaceuticals. 3 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Anti-Bacterial Drugs :Anti-Bacterial Drugs How herbal anti-bacterials shows less toxicity ? Herbal drugs contains a number of chemical moities. If Bacterium is resistant to one of the chemical constituents then other moieties are there to compensate for the first and shows the anti bacterial properties. Due to the presence of number of chemical moities each in very small quantity, the chances for toxicity of a particular compound is very less which is not there in the synthetic anti-bacterials. Herbal drugs acts with one or two mechanisms for showing the desired effets. So due to these reason the herbal drugs are gaining importance. 4 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Mechanism of actions of Anti-Bacterial drugs :Mechanism of actions of Anti-Bacterial drugs Mechanism of action include: Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Inhibition of protein synthesis Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis Inhibition of metabolic pathways Interference with cell membrane integrity Mostly synthetic drugs have a well defined mechanism of action but in case of herbal drugs the actual mechanism is not known or very difficult to know so here we assume that the anti-bacterial action of the herbal drugs can be due to one or more above mentioned mechanisms or a combination of mechanisms. 5 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs :Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs Here we are discussing some plants having anti-bacterial properties. 6 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs :Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs Acacia catechu Botanical Name : Acacia catechu Family Name : Mimosaceae Common Name : Cutch Tree, Catechu, Black Cutch Part Used : Bark And Heartwood Habitat : Found in indian forests, upto the elevation of 1,500 m. Uses : Bark of cutch tree is strong antioxidant, astringent, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal in nature. It is used as a mouthwash for mouth, gum, sore throat, gingivitis, dental and oral infections. Heartwood is used to yield concentrated aqueous extract i.e. cutch. Cutch (extract) is astringent, cooling, and digestive. It is useful in cough, diarrhea, ulcers, boils and eruptions of the skin. Decoction of bark is given internally in case of leprosy. Helps to cure pile when taken with lemon regularly. Chemical Constituents: catechin isomers, acacatechin(2-12%), phlobatannin, kaempferol , quercetin,faxifolin and iso rhamnatin. (-) catechin (+) catechin quercetin kaempferol 7 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs :Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs Alpinia galanga Botanical Name : Alpinia galanga Family Name : Zingiberaceae Common Name : Galanga Root, El Galangal, hang Dou Kou, Laos, Galgant, Naukyo, Da Liang Jiang, Gran Part Used : Roots Habitat : Cultivated in south east asia. Uses : The rhizome is used against rheumatism, bronchial catarrh, bad breath and ulcers whooping colds in children, throat infections, to control incontinence and fever. Alpinia species show promise as anti-fungals,anti-bacterial, hypotensives, enhancers of sperm count and motility. Anti-tumor and anti-dementia effects have been observed in rodents. Chemical constituents : Vol.oils (0.5-1 %), resin (20%),galangin,dihydroxyflavanol,galangol,phloba-phene tannins,alpinin,camphene,kaempferol etc. Galangin Camphene 8 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs :Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs Berberis aristata Botanical Name : Berberis aristata Family Name : Berberidaceae Common Name : Tree Turmeric, Indian Barberry, Ophthalmic Barberry. Part Used : Bark, Fruit, Root, Stem And Wood. Habitat : It is found in himalayan region, distributed from kashmir to uttarakhand. Uses : The plant is anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, astringent, alternative, antipyretic, antiperiodic, anti-septic, anti-cancer, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, laxative, stomachic and sweat-inducing. Chemical constituents : Berberine, palmitine , jatrorrhizine, columbamine, tetrahydropalmitine, barbamine,oxyberberine. Berbamine Columbamine 9 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs :Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs Cinnamomum camphora Botanical Name : Cinnamomum camphora Family Name : Lauraceae Common Name : Gum Camphor, Camphor Laurel, French Camphor, Howood Part Used : Roots, Wood Habitat : Cultivated in india as an ornamental tree. Uses : Bark is anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, analgesic, analeptic, anthelmintic, antispasmodic, aromatic, aphrodisiac, carminative, diaphoretic, sedative, stimulant, narcotic and tonic. Chemical constituents : Camphor, cineole, pinene, phellendrene, camphorene, B-santelene, borneol and selinene. Camphor cineole selinene Phellendrene B-santelene 10 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs :Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs Haldi Botanical Name : Curcuma longa Family Name : Zingiberaceae Common Name : Curcuma,Turmeric, Safran De Malabar, Safran Des Indes. Part Used : Leaves, Flowers, Roots Habitat : Cultivated extensively in india within tropical climate. Uses : Turmeric is used extensively in foods for both its flavor and color. The rhizome (root) of turmeric has long been used in traditional Asian medicine to treat gastrointestinal upset, arthritic pain, Its chemical const. Curcumin is antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet, cholesterol-lowering antibacterial and anti-fungal effects. Chemical constituents : Curcumin, I,II,III, Ess.oils,, borneole, curcuminoids, zingeberene, turmerone, arabinose, glucose, starch grains etc. 11 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs :Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs Podina Botanical Name : Mentha arvensis Family Name : Lamiaceae Common Name : Field Mint, Corn Mint, Japanese Mint, Podina Part Used : Whole Plant, Oil Habitat : Found through out india. Uses : The entire plant is antibacterial, antifibrile. It yields an essential oil and menthol which exert, through their rapid evaporation, slightly anaesthetic, . Due to it is antiseptic and anti-bacterial property, it can be used in swollen gums, mouthwash or mouth ulcers and toothacheand anodyne local effect. Chemical constituents : Menthol(50-90%), Vol.oils (thymene,eugenol,pulegone,limonene), Also contains sesquiterpenes, B-elemene and (-) Caryophyllene. Pulegone Menthol Elemene 12 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs :Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs Amla Botanical Name : Phyllanthus embelica Linn. Family Name : Euphorbiaceae Common Name : Stone Breaker,Gale Of Wind, Carry Me Seed, Creole Senna,Amla. Part Used : Whole Plant Habitat : Common in central and southern india extending to srilanka. Uses : Phyllanthus blocks DNA polymerase, the enzyme needed for the hepatitis B virus to reproduce. It also prevent from jaundice,diabetes, dyspepsia, ulcers, sores, swellings, ophthalmia and chronic dysentery. . It is bitter, astringent, cold, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and useful in liver disorders, cough, asthma, jaundice, spleen disorders and strong anti bacterial. Chemical constituents : Rich source of Vit-C, pectin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, IAA, glucose and tannins. Vit-C Indole acetic acid Gallic acid Ellagic acid Pectin 13 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Lets have some Drugs under R&D :Lets have some Drugs under R&D There are certain herbal drugs which are under research & development claming to have anti-bacterial properties.Here are some of them: Berries of Laurus nobilis L. Pomegranate Cranberry Green Tea Goldenseal Garlic Cats claw ( a peruvian herb) Cayene Chlorella Fennel Fenu greek Fever few Ginseng Juniper berry Licorice Oregano leaf oil and St. John’s wort etc. 14 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs :Herbal Anti-Bacterial Drugs Pomegranate Seed Oil Botanical Name : Punica granatum Family Name : Puniacaceae Common Name : Pomegranate, Pom,anar Part Used : Pomegranate Seed Oil, Pomegranate Oil Habitat : Cultivated all over india. Uses : Oil possesses Antibacterial properties. Pomegranate is now well known for antioxidant properties.Researches are still going on in the field of Oncology for the treatment of cancer. Chemical constituents : Pomegranate seeds yeild a drying oil which contains Pucinic acid forming upto 72% of the fatty acid. Pucinic acid is conjugated triene and geometrical isomer of elaostearic acid,punicalin and punicaligin. Punicalin Punicaligin 15 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Recent Developments contd.. :Recent Developments contd.. Berries of Laurus nobilis. Botanical name: Laurus nobilis L. Family name : Lauraceae. Common names : Berries of Lauraus. Habitats : Damp rocks and ravines, thickets and old walls. Uses : Anti-bacterial confirmed and drug is still under investigation for other pharmacological actions. Chemical constituents : Essential oils principally 1,8 Cineole, alkaloids,fixed oils,sterols,flavonoids and phenolics.Phenolic nature also responsible for anti-bacterial actions. 1,8 Cineole 16 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Recent Developments contd.. :Recent Developments contd.. Crane berry Botanical name : Vaccinium macrocarpon. Family name : Ericaceae. Common names : Berries of crane. Habitats : Grown in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Oregon, and Washington Uses : Anti-bacterial, useful for Uterine infections like cystitis. Chemical constituents : Tannins, leutin,catechin, triterpenoids,anthocyanins,riboflavin,vit.E and b-carotene. Catechin Riboflavin 17 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Recent Developments contd.. :Recent Developments contd.. Green Tea Botanical name : Camellia sinensis (Linn.). Family name : Theaceae. Part used: Green leaves. Habitats: Largely grown in India, Srilanka and China. Uses : Anti-bacterial, it’s a stimulating drink and it relieves muscular and mental fatigue. Chemical constituents : Main substances for activity are (+)-gallocatechin, (+)-epigallocatechin and other polyphenolic compounds and Caffeine. Caffeine 18 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Recent Developments contd.. :Recent Developments contd.. Goldenseal Botanical name : Hydrastis canadensis (Linn.). Family name : Ranunculaceae. Part used: Green leaves. Habitats: Rich shady woods and moist areas on woodland edges in north America. Uses : Anti-bacterial, astringent and anti inflammatory. Chemical constituents : alkaloids,Hydrastine(1-4%), Berberine (0.5-6%) , canadine and some volatile oils. 19 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Last but not the Least… :Last but not the Least… Garlic (Lehsun) Botanical name : Allium sativum. Family name Alliaceae Part used: Bulb of Lehsun . Habitats: Cultivated all over the India. Uses : Anti-bacterial, and anti microbial. Chemical constituents : Bulb contains allicin, diallyl disulfide, allyl propyl disulfide and other sulphur compounds. Allicin 20 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


Slide 21:Conclusion Herbal drugs are now becoming more and more popular and are tested for a lots of pharmacological actions because of their advantages over the synthetic chemical compounds.Day by day new herbal compounds are discovered and tested for their applications in deadly diseases like Cancer, Influenza etc. Recently the attack of H1N1 virus shocked the medical world but in india the virus attack is largely prevented by some herbal drugs like Tulsi and Giloy etc. It shows that nature has gifted us with a lots of wealth and protection, the only thing is to love the nature and discover it for the human welfare. 21 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)


The End :The End Thanks for Patience 22 Presented by: Rahul Kaushik (RIT)