Blood and Immune System

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Blood And Immune System

Blood : 

Blood

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Definition:- Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells – such as nutrients and oxygen – and transports waste products away from those same cells.

Components: 

Components R.B.C.-R ed Blood Cells W.B.C-White Blood Cells

R.B.C: 

R.B.C Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate organism's principal means of delivering oxygen  to the body tissues via the blood flow through the circulatory system. They take up oxygen in the lungs  and release it while squeezing through the body's capillaries. These cells' cytoplasm is rich in hemoglobin, an iron containing bimolecular that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the blood's red color. In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible biconcave disks that lack a cell nucleus and most organelles. The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages. Each circulation takes about 20 seconds. Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells. Red blood cells are also known as RBC's , red blood corpuscles (an archaic term). The capitalized term Red Blood Cells is the proper name in the US for erythrocytes in storage solution used in transfusion med

W.B.C: 

W.B.C White blood cells ( WBCs ) are cells of the immune system defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipoten cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. The number of WBCs in the blood is often an indicator of disease. There are normally between 4×109 and 1.1×1010 white blood cells in a litre of blood, making up approximately 1% of blood in a healthy adult. An increase in the number of leukocytes over the upper limits is called leukocytosis, and a decrease below the lower limit is called leukpenia . The physical properties of leukocytes, such as volume, conductivity, and granularity, may change due to activation, the presence of immature cells, or the presence of malignant leukocytes in leukemia.

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Immunity Immunity The ability of the body to fight infection and/or foreign invaders by producing antibodies or killing infected cells. Immune System The system in the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis by recognizing harmful from non harmful organisms and produces an appropriate response.

Foreign Invaders: 

Foreign Invaders Called Pathogens Viruses, bacteria or other living thing that causes disease/immune response. Antigens Toxins that pathogens produce that cause harm to an organism.

Parts of the Immune System: 

Parts of the Immune System Blood - White Blood Cells in particular. Lymph nodes Thymus Gland – Produces T Lymphocytes Bone Marrow – Produces B Lymphocytes

How does the body fight infection/foreign invaders?: 

How does the body fight infection/foreign invaders? The Body’s THREE lines of Defense First Line of Defense – The Skin Provides Physical and Chemical barriers Physical – hard to penetrate, made of indigestible keratin Chemical – tears, sweat

Second Line of Defense – Nonspecific Immune Response : 

Second Line of Defense – Nonspecific Immune Response These are defenses the body uses no matter what the invader may be. These defenses include: Phagocytosis – done by Macrophages Natural Cell Killers Inflammation - caused by release of Histamine from leukocytes Fever – caused by histamines. The fever (high temp) kills invaders by denaturing their proteins. Macrophage : A phagocytic cell found in the liver, spleen, brain and lungs. Travels to all areas of the body to find and eat pathogens.

Third Line of Defense – Specific Immune Response: 

This is a specific response to a specific pathogen/antigen. The response involves the creation of Antibodies. Third Line of Defense – Specific Immune Response

Antibodies: 

Antibodies Y-shaped protein molecule. Made up of variable and constant regions. Made up of Heavy and Light chains. Produced by B-Lymphocytes Function: Recognize antigens, bind to and deactivate them. Note: Variable region recognizes the anitgens.

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How an antibody operates/works? Deactivation of a bacterium by an antibody.

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The Pathway of Specific Immune Response Pathogens Pathogens eaten by Macrophage Displays portion of Pathogen on surface Helper-T cell recognizes Pathogen Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

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Activates B- Cell Activates Cytotoxic T- Cell Memory B-Cell Memory T-Cell Kills Infected Cells Antibodies 

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Cellular Immunity .vs. Antibody Immunity Carried out by T-Cells Infected cells are killed by Cytotoxic T –Cells. Carried out by B-cells Antibodies are produced and dumped into blood stream. Antibodies bind to antigens and deactivate them. Cellular Immunity Antibody or Humoral Immunity

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Immune Response Explained Antigen infects cells. Macrophage ingests antigen and displays portion on its surface. Helper T- Cell recognizes antigen on the surface of the macrophage and becomes active. Active Helper T-Cell activates Cytotoxic T-Cells and B-Cells. Cytotoxic T-Cells divide into Active Cytotoxic T-cells and Memory T – Cells. Active Cytotoxic T-Cells kill infected cells. At the same time, B-Cells divide into Plasma Cells and Memory B- Cells. Plasma cells produce antibodies that deactivate pathogen. Memory T and Memory B cells remain in the body to speed up the response if the same antigen reappears. Supressor T-Cells stop the immune response when all antigens have been destroyed.

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Immune Response Summary Displays copy of antigen on surface of cell Cellular Immunity Antibody Immunity

Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response: 

Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response Primary Immune Response This is a response to an invader the First time the invader infects the body. No measurable immune response for first few days. Next 10 – 15 days antibody production grows steadily Secondary Immune Response A more rapid response to an invader the 2nd time it invades the body. Antibody production increases dramatically and in a much shorter time period..

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Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response