HERBAL FEED ADDITIVES IN POULTRY 53

HERBAL FEED ADDITIVES IN POULTRY: 

HERBAL FEED ADDITIVES IN POULTRY K.V.R.PULLAIAH TV/10-11

INTRODUCTION: 

INTRODUCTION Performance enhancers - growth promoters - are organic , synthetic , chemical compounds, or simple inorganic elements used to improve animal growth rate and/or feed conversion ratio . Antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs are the most frequently used performance enhancers in animal production especially in poultry production.

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But now, it is proved that antibiotics are not always good for poultry health even human health because of residual effects. Due to this reason now antibiotics banned from animal feed & even for treatment of sick birds in some of countries, like-Belgium.

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This class of feed additives has recently gained increasing interest, especially for use in swine and poultry since 2000 . This appears to be strongly by the ban on most of the antibiotic feed additives within the European Union in 1999 (a complete ban enforced in 2006) and ongoing discussions to restrict their use outside the EU because of speculated risk for generating antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microbiota . In this context, phytogenic feed additives are came into the picture as a set of nonantibiotic growth promoters .

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So , they are giving more attention to the indigenous medicines i.e phytogenic products such as herbs (flowering, nonwoody , and nonpersistent plants), spices (herbs with an intensive smell or taste commonly added to human food), essential oils (volatile lipophilic compounds derived by cold expression or by steam or alcohol distillation), oleoresins (extracts derived by nonaqueous solvents).

HISTORY: 

HISTORY A herb is defined as a plant used for medicinal purpose (for the treatment of disease or for improvement in health and productivity). Rigveda , the oldest document of human knowledge written between 4500 and 1600 B.C mention the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of man and animals

ACTION  : 

ACTION Action Hastya ayurvedha ( 2 nd centuary BC ) , deals with veterinary diseases. They helps the body to sustain or regain homeostasis so that body can regain its own healing power. Medicinal plants with particular affinity for certain organs or system of the body are used to restore the function of those organs which has become weak. Herbs are used as mixtures in complex formulations so as to have a synergistic effect

Advantages: 

Advantages Absence of side effects. Absence of residual effects Non hazardous Eco-friendly Minimum problem of drug resistance

Limitations: 

Limitations Not easily quantifiable and standardized due to their complex composition The location, soil type, weather conditions, altitude, season during which the plant is grown, harvesting procedure & storage conditions may affect the composition of plants. Although majority of herbals are stable, there are various constituents which are photo labile, thermo labile thus less stable

HERBAL PLANTS PROPERTIES: 

HERBAL PLANTS PROPERTIES Antimicrobial Antioxidant Anti-stress Gut microflora manipulation Nutrigenomics effect Immune enhancement Stimulation of digestive secretions (eg : saliva, bile, and mucus) and enhanced enzyme activity Growth promoting efficiency

APPLICATION: 

APPLICATION As growth promoters For maintenance of reproductive health For immuno modulation For prevention and control of metabolic disorders Anti stress factors Toxin binders For ↑absorption and metabolism of nutrients Alternatives for chemical compounds and nutrients.

Major mechanisms by which herbal plants exert positive effects on the growth performance and health of animals   : 

Major mechanisms by which herbal plants exert positive effects on the growth performance and health of animals

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY: 

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY Exert antimicrobial actions in vitro against important pathogens including fungi. Exert their antimicrobial activity through different mechanisms ,( eg : tannins) act by iron deprivation, hydrogen bounding or non specific interactions with vital proteins such as enzymes. tannic acid inhibits the growth of intestinal bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis , Clostridium perfringens , E. coli and Enterobacter cloacae . Alkaloid is known to be a DNA intercalator and an inhibitor of DNA synthesis through topoisomerase inhibition.

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Saponins - forming complexes with sterols present in the membrane of microorganisms . ESSENTIAL OILS : The exact anti-microbial mechanism of essential oils is poorly understood . The structural properties, such as the presence of the functional groups and aromaticity are responsible for the antibacterial activity of essential oils . When tested against different Salmonella serovars of poultry origin only oregano essential oil presented high activity, causing bacterial death in 50% of the studied serovars Whereas thyme and cinnamon essential oils presented moderate activities.

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In vivo, the mode and site of action of the active components of essential oils depend on their structure, metabolism , and inclusion level. A significant reduction of C. perfringens colonization in the intestine of broilers fed diets containing mixtures of thymol , carvacrol , eugenol , curcumin and piperin The antimicrobial action of phytogenic feed additives may be improve the microbial hygiene of carcasses But, available data are still too limited for conclusion

MOA OF ESSENTIAL OILS: 

MOA OF ESSENTIAL OILS By damaging the bacterial cell wall, denaturating and coagulating proteins Change the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane to hydrogen (H+) and potassium (K+) ions Interruption of essential cell processes, such as electron transport , protein translocation , phosphorylation steps and other enzyme dependent reactions loss of chemiosmotic control of the affected cell leads to cell death

Magic of garlic: 

Magic of garlic Garlic has more strong antimicrobial activies in the digestive tract than other herbs and spices. It doesn't kill the lactobaccilus bacteria, which is helpful body. MOA : Alliin Sulphenate Pyruvate Ammonia Allicin ( diallyl thiosulphenate ), antimicrobial compound allinase .

Treatment of birds with herbs and species: 

Treatment of birds with herbs and species NCD Prevention: sodom apple, sisal plant, hot pepper+onion , aloe+pepper Treatment: neem tree, aloe, aloe+pepper , banana leaves, mbegu rahisi Fowl typhoid :Aloe, neem tree, sowthistle , cactus+aloe+asparagus , castor oilplant Fowl pox: Sodom apple (fruit), cactus, onion+pepper+aloe (apply on surface), aloe+cactus+asparagus (apply on spots) CRD :Hot pepper+onions , aloe, aloe+cactus+asparagus (in the eye), neem tree, aloe+pepper

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Coccidiosis: Aloe, neem tree, aloe+pepper, fruit of sodom apple, hot pepper+onion, mbegu rahisi Endoparasites :Neem tree, aloe+pepper , sodom apple, hot pepper+onions , lantana Ectoparasites :Mbegu rahisi (smoking), lantana camara ( sweeping+dusting ), tobacco(dusting+smoking) Diarrhoea: Aloe+pepper , sisal Coryza: Eucalyptus tree, onions

Antioxidant activity: 

Antioxidant activity The antioxidant activity of plant extracts is mainly related to the presence of phenolic compounds & other compounds such as Flavonoids (present in oregano and thyme) and Terpenoids (e.g., thymol , carvacrol and eugenol ) Among all the herbs – Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) have the highest antioxidant potential

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Plant extracts, when directly added to feeds, may influence the oxidative stability of meat after slaughter. Therefore, it suggests that plant extracts are able to replace synthetic antioxidants in broiler diet but it is still unclear .

Other plant sps having anti oxidant activity: 

Other plant sps having anti oxidant activity Plant species from the families of Zingiberaceae (e.g., ginger and curcuma) and Umbelliferae (e.g., anise and coriander)as well as plants rich in Flavonoids ( e.g., green tea) and Anthocyans (e.g., many fruits), Pepper ( Piper nigrum ), Red pepper (Capsicum annuum L. ), and Chili ( Capsicum frutescene ) contain antioxidative components In many of these plants, parts of the active substances are highly odorous or may taste hot or pungent, so which may restrict their use for feeding purposes.

Effects on digestibility: 

Effects on digestibility Aromatic compounds, such as capsaicin, active principle of the chili pepper (Capsicum annum), have shown efficient stimulation of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes in monogastric animals. Consequently, they promote a reduction of the intestinal viscosity, making the digestive process more efficient Other plant active components, such as eugenol (active principles of clove)and cinnamaldehyde ( cinnamon). Exert beneficial actions within the digestive tract, such as laxative and spasmolytic effects, as well as prevent flatulence

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When evaluating the mixture of sage, thyme, and rosemary or with a commercial product containing capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde & carvacrol in broiler diet observed- better dry matter digestibility, crude protein digestibility in both grower & finisher phase. capsaicin stimulates the action of proteases, particularly of trypsin and chemotrypsin , in laboratory animals. Rat pancreatic lipase and amylase were significantly enhanced when brought into contact with various spices and spice extracts

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Glucose absorption from the small intestine was accelerated in rats fed anise oil Enhance the activities of trypsin and amylase in broilers Also reported that herbs stimulate intestinal secretion of mucus in broilers - impair adhesion of pathogens and thus contribute the microbial eubiosis in the gut All these observations support the hypothesis that phytogenic feed additives may favorably affect gut functions , But the number of in vivo studies with poultry is still quite limited.

Immune enhancement: 

Immune enhancement Another claim often made is - they stimulate the immune functions. But, the specific experimental verification in poultry is still limited.

GROWTH-PROMOTING EFFICACY / PERFORMANCE ENHANCER: 

GROWTH-PROMOTING EFFICACY / PERFORMANCE ENHANCER The primary mode of action of growth promoting activity arises from – Stabilizing feed hygiene (e.g., through organic acids), and Even more from beneficially affecting the ecosystem of GIT microbiota through controlling potential pathogens. This applies especially to critical phases of life i.e during early stage of life and high production phase of poultry

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Because of a more stabilized intestinal health Birds are less exposed to microbial toxins and other undesired microbial metabolites, such as ammonia and biogenic amines. Consequently, relieve the bird from immune defense stress during critical situations And increase the availability of essential nutrients for absorption There by helps the birds to grow better within the framework of their genetic potential. These effects are also typical for organic acids, Major part of their biological efficacy mainly through stabilizing the microbial eubiosis in the GIT including suppressed formation of biogenic amines

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Intestinal biogenic amines formation by microbiota is undesirable - not only because of toxicity , but also because of the fact that biogenic amines are produced mainly by decarboxylation of limiting essential AA . So with supplimentation of herbs, we may improve the supply status of limiting essential nutrients, Improve the prececal digestive capacity, reduction in the passage of fermentable matter into the hindgut, thus low/less the post ileal microbial growth and the excretion of bacterial matter in feces , respectively. So results in an increased apparent digestibility of dietary protein (Because bacterial protein is the dominant fraction of total fecal protein)

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In poultry - majority of experimental results reported Reduced feed intake at largely unchanged BW gain or final BW , Improved F:G when feeding herbal compounds . Of course, apart from these beneficial effects there is a wide variation in biological effects in the birds So it reflects the requirement of further research to test the Suitability of the substances as growth- promoting feed additives to poultry Failures in selecting the proper plants , Active components , and Efficacious dietary doses .

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In poultry majority of experiments shown positive results, hence these feed additives are considered as performance enhancers. Example: Effects of essential oils on growth performance in broilers ADG: Average Daily Gain. FCR: Feed Conversion Ratio

TOXIN BINDING ACTIVITY: 

TOXIN BINDING ACTIVITY herbal toxin binder and the detoxicant ToxiCheck (containing Azadirachta indica , Andrographis paniculata and other herbs) in different combinations – shown binding and excretion of aflatoxins from intestinal tract, improving growth, FCR, nutrient digestibility and reducing severity of liver lesions and incidence of FLS. But the available literature is limited

FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS: 

FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS Regarding exposed birds, adverse health effects cannot be excluded in the case of an accidental overdose Pure formulations of these feed additives usually requires protective measures because they are potentially irritating and can cause allergic contact dermatitis (Burt, 2004 ). Safety needs of each indv phytogenic feed additive should be assessed separately. Another consideration is possible interactions with other feed additives i.e with enzyme preparations (e.g., phytase , enzymes degrading NSPs, etc.)

CONCLUSION: 

CONCLUSION Herbs, are a relatively new class of feed additives and our knowledge is still limited regarding their modes of action and their application. These are using based on an assumption that phytogenic compounds might improve the palatability of feed But it has not yet been confirmed by choice-feeding studies. Numerous studies have demonstrated antioxidative and antimicrobial efficacy in vitro, But respective experimental in vivo evidence is still quite limited. The same applies to the supposition that phytogenic compounds may specifically enhance activities of digestive enzymes and nutrient absorption.

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There are limited number of experimental comparisons of phytogenic feed additives with antibiotics and organic acids, But comparing with synthetic antibiotics or inorganic chemicals, these plant-derived products are thought to be ideal feed additives in food animal production because they have proven to be natural, less toxic, residue free. The efficacy and safety of phytogenic compounds used as feed additives for swine and poultry is still missing

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Variation among the various researcher’s reportings , lack of any standards regarding their usage, efficacy, effects etc, Unfortunately, all most all the experimental results available till now are only from commercial products containing blends of phytogenic substances. Therefore, it requires a systematic approach to explain the efficacy and mode of action for each type and dose of active compound , as well as its possible interactions with other feed ingredients .

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However, accounting their All beneficial fuctions and Current experience in feeding , They can be considered as performance enhancers And can be add to set of non antibiotic feed additives(such as organic acids & probiotics )

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Thank u 38 4 Ur attention