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Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Research Design (Methods & Tools used in Research) -by Mr. Piyush L. Agrawal (M.Pharm Ist Year) What is research? : What is research? It is systematic process of collecting & analysing information in order to increase our knowledge & understanding of the phenomenon about which we are interested . Points of discussion are features of good design, types of Research Design , basic principles of experimental design . Slide 3: Basic Steps for research project: Select a topic Review existing research and theory that are relevant Develop a hypothesis or research question/s Determine the appropriate methodology/research design Collect relevant data Analyze and interpret the results Present the results in an appropriate form Research is basically scientific. Purpose: to provide an objective, unbiased evaluation of data. Developing a Research Project : Developing a Research Project The Elements of Research Design Stages in the Research Process : Stages in the Research Process Define Problem Planning a Research Design Planning a Sample Gathering the Data Processing and Analysing the Data Conclusions and Report Prior consideration f0r research design : Prior consideration f0r research design Pre-planning (sources, types of information , research problem ) source of information to be collect and analyze. Time and budgets for the work. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH DESIGN To guide the investigator in answering the research problem What is research design ? : What is research design ? “Research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection & analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure ’’ --johoda, deutsch & cook or “the planned sequence of the entire process involved in conducting a research study” --miller General definition : “the plan , structure & strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and control variance ” “The research design is the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information”. Introduction : Introduction It includes Conceptual structure for the proposed research Blue prints (plan , models ) for the collection , measurement & analysis of data . Writing of hypothesis ------------- final analysis of data Study as what , why, when ,period of study ,sample design , techniques report operations The design may be described as : The design may be described as Steps in research design : Steps in research design Broad plan developed Preliminary Data collection Broad plan revised Need for research design : Need for research design It facillitates smooth sailing of various research operation It makes research efficient as possible yielding,maximum information with minimal expenditure of effort ,time and money. Eg . House building we require map of house Similarly we require research design for data collection and analysis of data of our research project . Featurs of good design : Featurs of good design flexibility , economical ,efficient ,appropriateness Minimization of bias Maximization of reliability of data A design which gives smallest experimental error Source of information ,skill of researcher and his staff Studies related to objective and nature of research problem All above must consider while preparation of a research design Slide 13: Types of Research Design Exploratory / Formulative research studies Descriptive & diagnostic research studies Hypothesis – testing/ Experimental research studies Slide 14: Basic Research Objectives and Research Design Research Objective Appropriate Design To gain background information, to define terms, to clarify Exploratory problems and develop hypotheses, to establish Research priorities, to develop questions to be answered To describe and measure marketing phenomena at a point Descriptive in time To determine causality, test hypotheses, to make “if-then” Causal statements, to answer questions Slide 15: Research Design: Exploratory Research Exploratory research is used in a number of situations: To gain background information To define terms To clarify problems and hypotheses To establish research priorities A variety of methods are available to conduct exploratory research: Secondary Data Analysis Experience Surveys Case Analysis & interviews Focus Groups Projective Techniques Slide 16: Research Design: Descriptive & Diagnostic Research (survey design) Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answers to questions of who, what, where, when, and how – but not why. Descriptive research describes characteristics of particular group, individual Diagnostic research is the frequency with which something occurs or its association with something else Need of such design is to obtain complete and accurate information of said studies to get maximum reliability and minimum bias. Slide 17: Research Design: Hypothesis – testing Research studies / Experimental studies Researchers test hypothesis of causal relationship between variables It will not Bias and Reliability but will permit interference about causality (to prevent from wrong direction). It is the design of experiment. Professor R.A. Fisher at Rothamsted Experimental Station (agriculture research centre at england ) was first to formulate such experimental for testing hypothesis by scientific investigation and help a technique to more reliability. He divided the agriculture land into bloks and stuided more efficient and finally obtained yield. The 3 Basic principles of Experimental design: : The 3 Basic principles of Experimental design: According to Prof. Fisher Principle of 1. Replication (Repeatation of experiment more than once statistical accuracy ) 2. Randomization (in case of extraneous factor say differences in soil fertility) 3. Local Control (combination of above locally by making blocks) Eg. Land used under cultivation of Rice Replication: : Replication: Eg. Randomization: : Randomization: Local Control: block pattern : Local Control: block pattern Factors affecting research design : Factors affecting research design Non – availability of sufficient data & resources like money , manpower , skill personels and ability of research schloars . Inadequate time in formulation of research design Unforesen development during the course of design which are uncontrollable (eg. Cyclone, floods etc. ) Results of preliminary studies Depends on precesion ,reliability ,relevance of data and their analysis Evaluation of research design Conclusion : Conclusion An unplanned research work may entail a lot of fruitless labour and wastage of time , money and effort . The work in research design , thus starts after selection problem and ends before collection of data . The gap between two should bridged carefully with a well-planned research design Reliance of the results can be placed only when the research work has been carefully planned from start to end. Summary : : Summary : Components of a Research Design Title of study ( brief & precise ) Statement of problem Review of literature (survey studies ) Area and scope of study Objective of study Hypothesis formulation Concepts & metodlogy Sample design Constrution of shedule for interviews Collection &analysis of data Interpretation and reporting the findings Time & financial budgeting References: : References: Kothari C.R. , Research Methodology. Methods and Techniques , ed.2 Delhi ,New age international publishers, 2001 , pg.no. 31-41. P.S.G. Kumar ,Research methods and Statistical techniques B.R.Publishing corporation Delhi, pg.no. 79 – 204. Internet Slide 26: Thank you for your kind attention Go forth and research….….but be careful out there. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
research design psh.agrawal Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1096 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (0) Added: January 25, 2011 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: anshumba23 (5 month(s) ago) hey good ppt, matter and layout all things is really very good......... could you send me the copy of it Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: irfybaig (16 month(s) ago) Good effort. I want to use ur concepts of presentation in one of mine. Could you please send me a soft copy? Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Research Design (Methods & Tools used in Research) -by Mr. Piyush L. Agrawal (M.Pharm Ist Year) What is research? : What is research? It is systematic process of collecting & analysing information in order to increase our knowledge & understanding of the phenomenon about which we are interested . Points of discussion are features of good design, types of Research Design , basic principles of experimental design . Slide 3: Basic Steps for research project: Select a topic Review existing research and theory that are relevant Develop a hypothesis or research question/s Determine the appropriate methodology/research design Collect relevant data Analyze and interpret the results Present the results in an appropriate form Research is basically scientific. Purpose: to provide an objective, unbiased evaluation of data. Developing a Research Project : Developing a Research Project The Elements of Research Design Stages in the Research Process : Stages in the Research Process Define Problem Planning a Research Design Planning a Sample Gathering the Data Processing and Analysing the Data Conclusions and Report Prior consideration f0r research design : Prior consideration f0r research design Pre-planning (sources, types of information , research problem ) source of information to be collect and analyze. Time and budgets for the work. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH DESIGN To guide the investigator in answering the research problem What is research design ? : What is research design ? “Research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection & analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure ’’ --johoda, deutsch & cook or “the planned sequence of the entire process involved in conducting a research study” --miller General definition : “the plan , structure & strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and control variance ” “The research design is the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information”. Introduction : Introduction It includes Conceptual structure for the proposed research Blue prints (plan , models ) for the collection , measurement & analysis of data . Writing of hypothesis ------------- final analysis of data Study as what , why, when ,period of study ,sample design , techniques report operations The design may be described as : The design may be described as Steps in research design : Steps in research design Broad plan developed Preliminary Data collection Broad plan revised Need for research design : Need for research design It facillitates smooth sailing of various research operation It makes research efficient as possible yielding,maximum information with minimal expenditure of effort ,time and money. Eg . House building we require map of house Similarly we require research design for data collection and analysis of data of our research project . Featurs of good design : Featurs of good design flexibility , economical ,efficient ,appropriateness Minimization of bias Maximization of reliability of data A design which gives smallest experimental error Source of information ,skill of researcher and his staff Studies related to objective and nature of research problem All above must consider while preparation of a research design Slide 13: Types of Research Design Exploratory / Formulative research studies Descriptive & diagnostic research studies Hypothesis – testing/ Experimental research studies Slide 14: Basic Research Objectives and Research Design Research Objective Appropriate Design To gain background information, to define terms, to clarify Exploratory problems and develop hypotheses, to establish Research priorities, to develop questions to be answered To describe and measure marketing phenomena at a point Descriptive in time To determine causality, test hypotheses, to make “if-then” Causal statements, to answer questions Slide 15: Research Design: Exploratory Research Exploratory research is used in a number of situations: To gain background information To define terms To clarify problems and hypotheses To establish research priorities A variety of methods are available to conduct exploratory research: Secondary Data Analysis Experience Surveys Case Analysis & interviews Focus Groups Projective Techniques Slide 16: Research Design: Descriptive & Diagnostic Research (survey design) Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answers to questions of who, what, where, when, and how – but not why. Descriptive research describes characteristics of particular group, individual Diagnostic research is the frequency with which something occurs or its association with something else Need of such design is to obtain complete and accurate information of said studies to get maximum reliability and minimum bias. Slide 17: Research Design: Hypothesis – testing Research studies / Experimental studies Researchers test hypothesis of causal relationship between variables It will not Bias and Reliability but will permit interference about causality (to prevent from wrong direction). It is the design of experiment. Professor R.A. Fisher at Rothamsted Experimental Station (agriculture research centre at england ) was first to formulate such experimental for testing hypothesis by scientific investigation and help a technique to more reliability. He divided the agriculture land into bloks and stuided more efficient and finally obtained yield. The 3 Basic principles of Experimental design: : The 3 Basic principles of Experimental design: According to Prof. Fisher Principle of 1. Replication (Repeatation of experiment more than once statistical accuracy ) 2. Randomization (in case of extraneous factor say differences in soil fertility) 3. Local Control (combination of above locally by making blocks) Eg. Land used under cultivation of Rice Replication: : Replication: Eg. Randomization: : Randomization: Local Control: block pattern : Local Control: block pattern Factors affecting research design : Factors affecting research design Non – availability of sufficient data & resources like money , manpower , skill personels and ability of research schloars . Inadequate time in formulation of research design Unforesen development during the course of design which are uncontrollable (eg. Cyclone, floods etc. ) Results of preliminary studies Depends on precesion ,reliability ,relevance of data and their analysis Evaluation of research design Conclusion : Conclusion An unplanned research work may entail a lot of fruitless labour and wastage of time , money and effort . The work in research design , thus starts after selection problem and ends before collection of data . The gap between two should bridged carefully with a well-planned research design Reliance of the results can be placed only when the research work has been carefully planned from start to end. Summary : : Summary : Components of a Research Design Title of study ( brief & precise ) Statement of problem Review of literature (survey studies ) Area and scope of study Objective of study Hypothesis formulation Concepts & metodlogy Sample design Constrution of shedule for interviews Collection &analysis of data Interpretation and reporting the findings Time & financial budgeting References: : References: Kothari C.R. , Research Methodology. Methods and Techniques , ed.2 Delhi ,New age international publishers, 2001 , pg.no. 31-41. P.S.G. Kumar ,Research methods and Statistical techniques B.R.Publishing corporation Delhi, pg.no. 79 – 204. Internet Slide 26: Thank you for your kind attention Go forth and research….….but be careful out there.