TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES

TRANSCRIPTION : 

TRANSCRIPTION By V.Pridhvee raj M.Sc Bio-Technology Brindavan college, Bangalore www.Pridhvee.page.tl

AGENDA : 

AGENDA Central Dogma Pre-Initiation Initiation Elongation Termination Processing of RNA Measuring and detecting transcription Reverse transcription References

CENTRAL DOGMA- Francis Crick (1958) : 

CENTRAL DOGMA- Francis Crick (1958) PROTEIN RNA DNA

TRANSCRIPTION-PRE-INITIATION : 

TRANSCRIPTION-PRE-INITIATION In 2007 Roger D. Kornberg proposed the model of the PIC at promoters with TATA boxes Does not require primers for initiation Most common core promoter – TATA box TFIID binds to the TATA box via TBP five more transcription factors and RNA polymerase combine around the TATA box in a series of stages to form what is known as the preinitiation complex. TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, Pol-II

TRANSCRIPTION-INITIATION : 

TRANSCRIPTION-INITIATION ATP dependent process Transcription initiation is far more complex in eukaryotes, the main difference being that eukaryotic polymerases do not directly recognize their core promoter sequences. The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind to the promoter, called Transcription initiation complex. Transcription in archaea is similar to transcription in eukaryotes

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After the first bond is synthesized the RNA polymerase must clear the promoter During this time there is a tendency to release the RNA transcript and produce truncated transcripts. This is called abortive initiation and is common for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Once the transcript reaches approximately 23 nucleotides it no longer slips and elongation can occur TFIIE & TFIIH helps in the clearance of the Promoter TRANSCRIPTION-INITIATION

TRANSCRIPTION- ELONGATION : 

TRANSCRIPTION- ELONGATION RNA polymerase directs the sequential binding of ribonucleotides to the growing RNA chain in the 5’ - 3’ direction. Each ribonucleotide is inserted into the growing RNA strand following the rules of base pairing. This process is repeated till the desired RNA length is Synthesized.

TRANSCRIPTION- ELONGATION : 

TRANSCRIPTION- ELONGATION ds DNA mRNA RNA Polymerase

TRANSCRIPTION- TERMINATION : 

TRANSCRIPTION- TERMINATION Other regions at the end of the gene; called Terminators, signal termination. These work in conjugation with RNA polymerase to loosen the association between RNA product and DNA template. The result is that the RNA dissociate from RNA polymerase and DNA and so stop transcription. The product is immature RNA or Pre mRNA (primary transcript).

PROCESSING OF mRNA : 

PROCESSING OF mRNA Pre mRNA ? mRNA Capping: synthesis of the Cap. The 5’cap is a 7-methylguanosine(m7G). The cap protects the mRNA from being degraded by enzymes; enhancement of mRNA translatability. Splicing: Step-by-step removal of introns present in the pre-mRNA and joining of the remaining exons. The removal of introns and joining of exons takes place on a special structures called spliceosomes. Polyadenylation: synthesis of the poly (A) tail involving cleavage of its 3’ end and then the addition of about 200 adenine residues to form a poly (A) tail; This completes the mRNA molecule (mature mRNA), which is now ready for export to the cytosol for protein synthesis.

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5'CAPPING

Polyadenylation : 

Polyadenylation

MEASURING & DETECTING : 

MEASURING & DETECTING Nuclear Run-on assay RNase protection assay and Chip-Chip of RNAP, detect active transcription sites RT-PCR DNA microarrays In situ hybridization RNA-Sequencing

REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION : 

REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION

Transcription – www.dnai.org : 

Transcription – www.dnai.org

REFERENCES : 

REFERENCES Books Watson, Baker, Bell, Gann, Levine and Losick. Molecular biology of the gene, 5th edition, Pearson Education, Benjamin Cummings Publishing Inc, 2004. Cold spring harbor laboratory press, San-Francisco, U.S.A., Lodish, H. et al Molecular Cell Biology, 4th edition, Scientific American Books, 1999. Chapter 10 Alberts, B. et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3rd edition, Garland Publishing Inc. 1994. Chapter 9 pp 401-453 Biotechnology by B.D.Singh Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics) http://www.dnai.org/lesson/go/19710/15857 Journal on Transcription in Eukaryotes by Dr. Sheila Graham (2004)

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THANK YOU