logging in or signing up ECG prakashmathewbio Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1808 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (9) Dislike it (0) Added: April 14, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 11 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: 22nirmala123 (4 days ago) sir superb presentation :-) Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: shakirtalash (11 month(s) ago) i am very interested in presentation and it is really a very nice effort of you Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: shakirtalash (11 month(s) ago) i am very interested in presentation and it is really a very nice effort of you Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: kusheswar (12 month(s) ago) how to donwload this slide jQuery151001867188757782129_1305784313851??????????? plz say i need this slide Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: NEEDECG (14 month(s) ago) Can you please send me this presentation at eternalvibrance@gmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close loading.... See all Premium member Presentation Transcript By PRAKASH MATHEW, Freelance writer : ECG By PRAKASH MATHEW, Freelance writer Slide 2: Introduction What is an ECG? : What is an ECG? The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a representation of the electrical events of the cardiac cycle. Each event has a distinctive waveform, the study of which can lead to greater insight into a patient’s cardiac pathophysiology. What types of pathology can we identify and study from ECGs? : What types of pathology can we identify and study from ECGs? Arrhythmias Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pericarditis Chamber hypertrophy Electrolyte disturbances (i.e. hyperkalemia, hypokalemia) Drug toxicity (i.e. digoxin and drugs which prolong the QT interval) Normal ECG : Normal ECG ECG PAPER : ECG PAPER Light lines small squares- 1 X 1 mm Bold lines large squares 5 X 5 mm Horizontal axis=time 1. Distance across small square=0.04 sec. 2. Distance across large square=0.2 sec. Vertical axis=voltage 1. Distance across small square=0.1 mV 2. Distance across large square=0.5 mV Anatomy of Heart and ECG signal : Anatomy of Heart and ECG signal Normal ECG signal Conducting System of Heart ECG Leads : ECG Leads Leads are electrodes which measure the difference in electrical potential between either: 1. Two different points on the body (bipolar leads) 2. One point on the body and a virtual reference point with zero electrical potential, located in the center of the heart (unipolar leads) ECG Leads : ECG Leads The standard ECG has 12 leads: 3 Standard Limb Leads 3 Augmented Limb Leads 6 Precordial Leads The axis of a particular lead represents the viewpoint from which it looks at the heart. Standard Limb Leads : Standard Limb Leads Precordial Leads : Precordial Leads Precordial Leads : Precordial Leads Summary of Leads : Summary of Leads Arrangement of Leads on the ECG : Arrangement of Leads on the ECG Anatomic Groups : Anatomic Groups Slide 23: RATE Slide 24: For regular H.R. 15 cm What is the heart rate? : What is the heart rate? (300 / 6) = 50 bpm What is the heart rate? : What is the heart rate? (300 / ~ 4) = ~ 75 bpm What is the heart rate? : What is the heart rate? (300 / 1.5) = 200 bpm What is the heart rate? : What is the heart rate? 20 x 10 = 200 bpm Normal H.R. 60-90 bpmBradycardia less than 60 bpmTachycardia more than 100 bpm : Normal H.R. 60-90 bpmBradycardia less than 60 bpmTachycardia more than 100 bpm Slide 30: Rhythm Regular rhythm : Regular rhythm If H.R. is normal ( normal , atrial flutter) If bradycardia # no P or inverted ( nodal rhythm ) # normal P @ regular relation with QRS ( complete HB, sinus bradycadia) @ irregular relation with QRS ( partial HB) If tachycardia # Abnormal QRS ( vent . Tachycardia ) # normal QRS @ Normal P (SVT atrial ) @absent or inverted P ( SVT nodal ) Irregular rhythm : Irregular rhythm If irregular irregularity ( AF) If occasional irregularity # normal QRS ( Supravent. extrasystole ) # abnormal ORS ( Vent. Extrasystole ) Normal Sinus Rhythm – the rules! : Normal Sinus Rhythm – the rules! P before every QRS PR interval <0.2 seconds (5 baby squares) QRS after every P wave QRS <0.12 seconds (3 baby squares) Regular and identical Rate 60-100 bpm <60 bpm – sinus bradycardia >100 bpm – sinus tachycardia Sinus rhythm : Sinus rhythm Bigeminy VPC : Bigeminy VPC Trigeminy VPC : Trigeminy VPC PSVT : PSVT Left Bundle Branch BlockCriteria : Left Bundle Branch BlockCriteria QRS duration ≥ 120ms Broad R wave in I and V6 Prominent QS wave in V1 Absence of q waves (including physiologic q waves) in I and V6 Left Bundle Branch Block : Left Bundle Branch Block Right Bundle Branch BlockCriteria : Right Bundle Branch BlockCriteria QRS duration ≥ 110ms rSR’ pattern or notched R wave in V1 Wide S wave in I and V6 Right Bundle Branch Block : Right Bundle Branch Block Slide 57: P wave P waves : P waves It is important to remember that the P wave represents the sequential activation of the right and left atria, and it is common to see notched or biphasic P waves of right and left atrial activation. Does not exceed 2.5 mm (height) in lead II Less than 0.12 seconds (width) in lead II Abnormal P: RAE ( P Pulmonale ) LAE ( P mitrale ) Atrial flutter Nodal rhythm ( absent with regular rhythm ) AF( absent with irregular rhythm ) Dextrocardia Slide 59: RAE LAE Atrial flutter : Atrial flutter Atrial fibrillation : Atrial fibrillation Left Atrial Enlargement : Left Atrial Enlargement Criteria P wave duration in II ≥120ms or Negative component of biphasic P wave in V1 ≥ 1 “small box” in area Right Atrial Enlargement : Right Atrial Enlargement Criteria P wave height in II ≥ 2.4mm or Positive component of biphasic P wave in V1 ≥ 1 “small box” in area Slide 66: Dextrocardia Slide 67: PR interval PR interval : PR interval measured from beginning of P to beginning of QRS 0.12-0.20 s ( 3-5 small squares). Best seen in lead II . PR interval : PR interval . Short PR: < 0.12s 1- Preexcitation syndromes: *WPW (Wolff-Parkinson-White) Syndrome: An accessory pathway connects the right atrium to the right ventricle or the left atrium to the left ventricle, and this permits early activation of the ventricles (delta wave) and a short PR interval. Slide 72: WPW syndrome PR interval : PR interval . 2- AV Junctional Rhythms with retrograde atrial activation (inverted P waves in II, III, aVF): Retrograde P waves may occur before the QRS complex (usually with a short PR interval), in the QRS complex (i.e., hidden from view), or after the QRS complex (i.e., in the ST segment). 3- Ectopic atrial rhythms originating near the AV node (the PR interval is short because atrial activation originates close to the AV node; the P wave morphology is different from the sinus P) 4- Normal variant 5- tachycardia PR interval : PR interval . Prolonged PR: >0.20s 1-First degree AV block (PR interval usually constant) 2-Second degree AV block (PR interval may be normal or prolonged; some P waves do not conduct) Type I (Wenckebach): Increasing PR until nonconducted P wave occursType II (Mobitz): Fixed PR intervals plus nonconducted P waves 3-AV dissociation: Some PR's may appear prolonged, but the P waves and QRS complexes are dissociated . 4- Rheumatic fever 5- Digitalis First degree AV block : First degree AV block Second degree AV block (mobitz I)-Wenckebach : Second degree AV block (mobitz I)-Wenckebach Slide 77: QRS Complex Standard Limb Leads : Standard Limb Leads Augmented Limb Leads : Augmented Limb Leads The QRS Axis : The QRS Axis The QRS axis represents the net overall direction of the heart’s electrical activity. Abnormalities of axis can hint at: Ventricular enlargement Conduction blocks (i.e. hemiblocks) The QRS Axis : The QRS Axis By near-consensus, the normal QRS axis is defined as ranging from -30° to +90°. -30° to -90° is referred to as a left axis deviation (LAD) +90° to +180° is referred to as a right axis deviation (RAD) Determining the Axis : Determining the Axis The Quadrant Approach The Equiphasic Approach Determining the Axis : Determining the Axis Predominantly Positive Predominantly Negative Equiphasic The Quadrant Approach : The Quadrant Approach 1. Examine the QRS complex in leads I and aVF to determine if they are predominantly positive or predominantly negative. The combination should place the axis into one of the 4 quadrants below. The Quadrant Approach : The Quadrant Approach 2. In the event that LAD is present, examine lead II to determine if this deviation is pathologic. If the QRS in II is predominantly positive, the LAD is non-pathologic (in other words, the axis is normal). If it is predominantly negative, it is pathologic. Quadrant Approach: Example 1 : Quadrant Approach: Example 1 Negative in I, positive in aVF RAD Quadrant Approach: Example 2 : Quadrant Approach: Example 2 Positive in I, negative in aVF Predominantly positive in II Normal Axis (non-pathologic LAD) The Equiphasic Approach : The Equiphasic Approach 1. Determine which lead contains the most equiphasic QRS complex. The fact that the QRS complex in this lead is equally positive and negative indicates that the net electrical vector (i.e. overall QRS axis) is perpendicular to the axis of this particular lead. 2. Examine the QRS complex in whichever lead lies 90° away from the lead identified in step 1. If the QRS complex in this second lead is predominantly positive, than the axis of this lead is approximately the same as the net QRS axis. If the QRS complex is predominantly negative, than the net QRS axis lies 180° from the axis of this lead. Equiphasic Approach: Example 1 : Equiphasic Approach: Example 1 Equiphasic in aVF Predominantly positive in I QRS axis ≈ 0° Equiphasic Approach: Example 2 : Equiphasic Approach: Example 2 Equiphasic in II Predominantly negative in aVL QRS axis ≈ +150° QRS complex : QRS complex Normal: 0.06 - 0.10s Prolonged QRS Duration (>0.10s): A-QRS duration 0.10 - 0.12s or 1- Incomplete right or left bundle branch block 2-Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (IVCD) 3-Some cases of left anterior or posterior fascicular block B-QRS duration > 0.12s 1-Complete RBBB LBBB 2-Nonspecific IVCD 3-Ectopic rhythms originating in the ventricles (e.g., ventricular tachycardia, pacemaker rhythm) Left Bundle Branch BlockCriteria : Left Bundle Branch BlockCriteria QRS duration ≥ 120ms Broad R wave in I and V6 Prominent QS wave in V1 Absence of q waves (including physiologic q waves) in I and V6 Slide 95: LBBB Left Bundle Branch Block : Left Bundle Branch Block Right Bundle Branch BlockCriteria : Right Bundle Branch BlockCriteria QRS duration ≥ 110ms rSR’ pattern or notched R wave in V1 Wide S wave in I and V6 Slide 99: RBBB Right Bundle Branch Block : Right Bundle Branch Block Left Ventricular Hypertrophy : Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Right Ventricular Hypertrophy : Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Right axis deviation Right atrial enlargement Down sloping ST depressions in V1-V3 (RV strain pattern) Tall R wave in V1 Although there is no widely accepted criteria for detecting the presence of RVH, any combination of the following ECG features is suggestive of its presence: Right Ventricular Hypertrophy : Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Q Wave : Q Wave Normal (physiologic) or due to pathology (pathologic). Depth and width are determining criteria Q wave >0.04 (40 ms) wide is considered a significant finding (pathologic) Antero -Lateral MI : Antero -Lateral MI Slide 118: ST segment ST segment : ST segment From the end of QRS ( J point ) to beginning of T wave . isoelectric ST Segment : ST Segment The ST segment is normally level with the T-P segment rather than the PR segment Examine every lead for ST segment elevation of 1 mm or more. Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Elevation : Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Elevation 1-Normal Variant "Early Repolarization" (usually concave upwards, ending with symmetrical, large, upright T waves) 2- Ischemic Heart Disease (usually convex upwards, or straightened) Acute transmural injury - as in this acute anterior MI 3- Persistent ST elevation after acute MI suggests ventricular aneurysm 4-ST elevation may also be seen as a manifestation of Prinzmetal's (variant) angina (coronary artery spasm) 5-ST elevation during exercise testing suggests extremely tight coronary artery stenosis or spasm (transmural ischemia) Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Elevation : Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Elevation 6-Acute Pericarditis #Concave upwards ST elevation in most leads except aVR # No reciprocal ST segment depression (except in aVR) #Unlike "early repolarization", T waves are usually low amplitude, and heart rate is usually increased. #May see PR segment depression, a manifestation of atrial injury Slide 125: Pericarditis Slide 126: Ventricle aneurysm ST depression : ST depression >2mm usually indicates ischemia Common in normal ECG, especially in pregnancy But: Non specific not more than 2mm below baseline It is convex downward or slopes upwards from the S wave Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Depression : Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Depression 1-Normal variants or artifacts: Pseudo-ST-depression (wandering baseline due to poor skin-electrode contact) 2-Physiologic J-junctional depression with sinus tachycardia (most likely due to atrial repolarization) 3-Hyperventilation-induced ST segment depression Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Depression : Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Depression 4-Ischemic heart disease Subendocardial ischemia (exercise induced or during angina attack ) ST segment depression is often characterized as "horizontal", "upsloping", or "downsloping" 5-Non Q-wave MI 6- Reciprocal changes in acute Q-wave MI (e.g., ST depression in leads I & aVL with acute inferior MI) Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Depression : Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Depression 7-Nonischemic causes of ST depression #RVH (right precordial leads) or LVH (left precordial leads, I, aVL) # Digoxin effect on ECG # Hypokalemia #Mitral valve prolapse (some cases) #Secondary ST segment changes with IV conduction abnormalities (e.g., RBBB, LBBB, WPW, etc) Slide 131: Acute inferoposterior MI (note tall R waves V1-3, marked ST depression V1-3, ST elevation in II, III, aVF) The ECG signs of Infarct! : The ECG signs of Infarct! Abnormal Q waves ST segment elevation (Greater than 1mm in 2 or more adjacent leads) Inverted T waves ST Elevation - Myocardial Infarction : ST Elevation - Myocardial Infarction ST elevation in or more leads Must be at least 1m in limb leads Must be at least 2m in chest leads Antero -Lateral MI : Antero -Lateral MI Slide 137: Old inferoposterior MI (note tall R in V1-3, upright T waves and inferior Q waves) Slide 138: T wave T wave: tall T waves( more than 2 big squares) : T wave: tall T waves( more than 2 big squares) Hyperkalaemia Hyperacute myocardial infarction Left bundle branch block (LBBB) T waves: small, flattened or inverted : T waves: small, flattened or inverted Ischemia age, race hyperventilation, anxiety, drinking iced water LVH drugs (e.g. digoxin) pericarditis, PE intraventricular conduction delay (e.g. RBBB) electrolyte disturbance Slide 146: QT interval QT interval : QT interval measured from beginning of QRS to end of T wave QT Interval (QTc < 0.40 sec) upper limit for QTc = 0.44 sec 1-Bazett's Formula: QTc = (QT)/SqRoot RR (in seconds) 2-Poor Man's Guide to upper limits of QT: For HR = 70 bpm, QT<0.40 sec; for every 10 bpm increase above 70 subtract 0.02 sec, and for every 10 bpm decrease below 70 add 0.02 sec. For example: QT < 0.38 @ 80 bpm QT < 0.42 @ 60 bpm QT interval : QT interval Prolonged QT : Familial long QT Syndrome (LQTS) Congestive Heart Failure Myocardial Infarction Hypocalcemia & Hypokalaemia Hypomagnesemia Type I Antiarrhythmic drugs & Cispride Rheumatic Fever Myocarditis Congenital Heart Disease Short QT : Digoxin (Digitalis) Hypercalcemia Hyperkalemia Slide 151: U Wave Slide 152: The U wave is the only remaining enigma of the ECG, and probably not for long. The origin of the U wave is still in question, although most authorities correlate the U wave with electrophysiologic events called "afterdepolarizations" in the ventricles.. The normal U wave has the same polarity as the T wave and is usually less than one-third the amplitude of the T wave. U waves are usually best seen in the right precordial leads especially V2 and V3. The normal U wave is asymmetric with the ascending limb moving more rapidly than the descending limb (just the opposite of the normal T wave). Slide 153: Prominent upright U waves 1-Sinus bradycardia accentuates the U wave 2-Hypokalemia (remember the triad of ST segment depression, low amplitude T waves, and prominent U waves) 3- Quinidine and other type 1A antiarrhythmics Slide 154: Negative or "inverted" U waves 1- Ischemic heart disease (often indicating left main or LAD disease) Myocardial infarction (in leads with pathologic Q waves) 2-During episode of acute ischemia (angina or exercise-induced ischemia) 3- During coronary artery spasm (Prinzmetal's angina) 4- Nonischemic causes Some cases of LVH or RVH (usually in leads with prominent R waves) Slide 155: Thank you You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
ECG prakashmathewbio Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1808 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (9) Dislike it (0) Added: April 14, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 11 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: 22nirmala123 (4 days ago) sir superb presentation :-) Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: shakirtalash (11 month(s) ago) i am very interested in presentation and it is really a very nice effort of you Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: shakirtalash (11 month(s) ago) i am very interested in presentation and it is really a very nice effort of you Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: kusheswar (12 month(s) ago) how to donwload this slide jQuery151001867188757782129_1305784313851??????????? plz say i need this slide Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: NEEDECG (14 month(s) ago) Can you please send me this presentation at eternalvibrance@gmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close loading.... See all Premium member Presentation Transcript By PRAKASH MATHEW, Freelance writer : ECG By PRAKASH MATHEW, Freelance writer Slide 2: Introduction What is an ECG? : What is an ECG? The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a representation of the electrical events of the cardiac cycle. Each event has a distinctive waveform, the study of which can lead to greater insight into a patient’s cardiac pathophysiology. What types of pathology can we identify and study from ECGs? : What types of pathology can we identify and study from ECGs? Arrhythmias Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pericarditis Chamber hypertrophy Electrolyte disturbances (i.e. hyperkalemia, hypokalemia) Drug toxicity (i.e. digoxin and drugs which prolong the QT interval) Normal ECG : Normal ECG ECG PAPER : ECG PAPER Light lines small squares- 1 X 1 mm Bold lines large squares 5 X 5 mm Horizontal axis=time 1. Distance across small square=0.04 sec. 2. Distance across large square=0.2 sec. Vertical axis=voltage 1. Distance across small square=0.1 mV 2. Distance across large square=0.5 mV Anatomy of Heart and ECG signal : Anatomy of Heart and ECG signal Normal ECG signal Conducting System of Heart ECG Leads : ECG Leads Leads are electrodes which measure the difference in electrical potential between either: 1. Two different points on the body (bipolar leads) 2. One point on the body and a virtual reference point with zero electrical potential, located in the center of the heart (unipolar leads) ECG Leads : ECG Leads The standard ECG has 12 leads: 3 Standard Limb Leads 3 Augmented Limb Leads 6 Precordial Leads The axis of a particular lead represents the viewpoint from which it looks at the heart. Standard Limb Leads : Standard Limb Leads Precordial Leads : Precordial Leads Precordial Leads : Precordial Leads Summary of Leads : Summary of Leads Arrangement of Leads on the ECG : Arrangement of Leads on the ECG Anatomic Groups : Anatomic Groups Slide 23: RATE Slide 24: For regular H.R. 15 cm What is the heart rate? : What is the heart rate? (300 / 6) = 50 bpm What is the heart rate? : What is the heart rate? (300 / ~ 4) = ~ 75 bpm What is the heart rate? : What is the heart rate? (300 / 1.5) = 200 bpm What is the heart rate? : What is the heart rate? 20 x 10 = 200 bpm Normal H.R. 60-90 bpmBradycardia less than 60 bpmTachycardia more than 100 bpm : Normal H.R. 60-90 bpmBradycardia less than 60 bpmTachycardia more than 100 bpm Slide 30: Rhythm Regular rhythm : Regular rhythm If H.R. is normal ( normal , atrial flutter) If bradycardia # no P or inverted ( nodal rhythm ) # normal P @ regular relation with QRS ( complete HB, sinus bradycadia) @ irregular relation with QRS ( partial HB) If tachycardia # Abnormal QRS ( vent . Tachycardia ) # normal QRS @ Normal P (SVT atrial ) @absent or inverted P ( SVT nodal ) Irregular rhythm : Irregular rhythm If irregular irregularity ( AF) If occasional irregularity # normal QRS ( Supravent. extrasystole ) # abnormal ORS ( Vent. Extrasystole ) Normal Sinus Rhythm – the rules! : Normal Sinus Rhythm – the rules! P before every QRS PR interval <0.2 seconds (5 baby squares) QRS after every P wave QRS <0.12 seconds (3 baby squares) Regular and identical Rate 60-100 bpm <60 bpm – sinus bradycardia >100 bpm – sinus tachycardia Sinus rhythm : Sinus rhythm Bigeminy VPC : Bigeminy VPC Trigeminy VPC : Trigeminy VPC PSVT : PSVT Left Bundle Branch BlockCriteria : Left Bundle Branch BlockCriteria QRS duration ≥ 120ms Broad R wave in I and V6 Prominent QS wave in V1 Absence of q waves (including physiologic q waves) in I and V6 Left Bundle Branch Block : Left Bundle Branch Block Right Bundle Branch BlockCriteria : Right Bundle Branch BlockCriteria QRS duration ≥ 110ms rSR’ pattern or notched R wave in V1 Wide S wave in I and V6 Right Bundle Branch Block : Right Bundle Branch Block Slide 57: P wave P waves : P waves It is important to remember that the P wave represents the sequential activation of the right and left atria, and it is common to see notched or biphasic P waves of right and left atrial activation. Does not exceed 2.5 mm (height) in lead II Less than 0.12 seconds (width) in lead II Abnormal P: RAE ( P Pulmonale ) LAE ( P mitrale ) Atrial flutter Nodal rhythm ( absent with regular rhythm ) AF( absent with irregular rhythm ) Dextrocardia Slide 59: RAE LAE Atrial flutter : Atrial flutter Atrial fibrillation : Atrial fibrillation Left Atrial Enlargement : Left Atrial Enlargement Criteria P wave duration in II ≥120ms or Negative component of biphasic P wave in V1 ≥ 1 “small box” in area Right Atrial Enlargement : Right Atrial Enlargement Criteria P wave height in II ≥ 2.4mm or Positive component of biphasic P wave in V1 ≥ 1 “small box” in area Slide 66: Dextrocardia Slide 67: PR interval PR interval : PR interval measured from beginning of P to beginning of QRS 0.12-0.20 s ( 3-5 small squares). Best seen in lead II . PR interval : PR interval . Short PR: < 0.12s 1- Preexcitation syndromes: *WPW (Wolff-Parkinson-White) Syndrome: An accessory pathway connects the right atrium to the right ventricle or the left atrium to the left ventricle, and this permits early activation of the ventricles (delta wave) and a short PR interval. Slide 72: WPW syndrome PR interval : PR interval . 2- AV Junctional Rhythms with retrograde atrial activation (inverted P waves in II, III, aVF): Retrograde P waves may occur before the QRS complex (usually with a short PR interval), in the QRS complex (i.e., hidden from view), or after the QRS complex (i.e., in the ST segment). 3- Ectopic atrial rhythms originating near the AV node (the PR interval is short because atrial activation originates close to the AV node; the P wave morphology is different from the sinus P) 4- Normal variant 5- tachycardia PR interval : PR interval . Prolonged PR: >0.20s 1-First degree AV block (PR interval usually constant) 2-Second degree AV block (PR interval may be normal or prolonged; some P waves do not conduct) Type I (Wenckebach): Increasing PR until nonconducted P wave occursType II (Mobitz): Fixed PR intervals plus nonconducted P waves 3-AV dissociation: Some PR's may appear prolonged, but the P waves and QRS complexes are dissociated . 4- Rheumatic fever 5- Digitalis First degree AV block : First degree AV block Second degree AV block (mobitz I)-Wenckebach : Second degree AV block (mobitz I)-Wenckebach Slide 77: QRS Complex Standard Limb Leads : Standard Limb Leads Augmented Limb Leads : Augmented Limb Leads The QRS Axis : The QRS Axis The QRS axis represents the net overall direction of the heart’s electrical activity. Abnormalities of axis can hint at: Ventricular enlargement Conduction blocks (i.e. hemiblocks) The QRS Axis : The QRS Axis By near-consensus, the normal QRS axis is defined as ranging from -30° to +90°. -30° to -90° is referred to as a left axis deviation (LAD) +90° to +180° is referred to as a right axis deviation (RAD) Determining the Axis : Determining the Axis The Quadrant Approach The Equiphasic Approach Determining the Axis : Determining the Axis Predominantly Positive Predominantly Negative Equiphasic The Quadrant Approach : The Quadrant Approach 1. Examine the QRS complex in leads I and aVF to determine if they are predominantly positive or predominantly negative. The combination should place the axis into one of the 4 quadrants below. The Quadrant Approach : The Quadrant Approach 2. In the event that LAD is present, examine lead II to determine if this deviation is pathologic. If the QRS in II is predominantly positive, the LAD is non-pathologic (in other words, the axis is normal). If it is predominantly negative, it is pathologic. Quadrant Approach: Example 1 : Quadrant Approach: Example 1 Negative in I, positive in aVF RAD Quadrant Approach: Example 2 : Quadrant Approach: Example 2 Positive in I, negative in aVF Predominantly positive in II Normal Axis (non-pathologic LAD) The Equiphasic Approach : The Equiphasic Approach 1. Determine which lead contains the most equiphasic QRS complex. The fact that the QRS complex in this lead is equally positive and negative indicates that the net electrical vector (i.e. overall QRS axis) is perpendicular to the axis of this particular lead. 2. Examine the QRS complex in whichever lead lies 90° away from the lead identified in step 1. If the QRS complex in this second lead is predominantly positive, than the axis of this lead is approximately the same as the net QRS axis. If the QRS complex is predominantly negative, than the net QRS axis lies 180° from the axis of this lead. Equiphasic Approach: Example 1 : Equiphasic Approach: Example 1 Equiphasic in aVF Predominantly positive in I QRS axis ≈ 0° Equiphasic Approach: Example 2 : Equiphasic Approach: Example 2 Equiphasic in II Predominantly negative in aVL QRS axis ≈ +150° QRS complex : QRS complex Normal: 0.06 - 0.10s Prolonged QRS Duration (>0.10s): A-QRS duration 0.10 - 0.12s or 1- Incomplete right or left bundle branch block 2-Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (IVCD) 3-Some cases of left anterior or posterior fascicular block B-QRS duration > 0.12s 1-Complete RBBB LBBB 2-Nonspecific IVCD 3-Ectopic rhythms originating in the ventricles (e.g., ventricular tachycardia, pacemaker rhythm) Left Bundle Branch BlockCriteria : Left Bundle Branch BlockCriteria QRS duration ≥ 120ms Broad R wave in I and V6 Prominent QS wave in V1 Absence of q waves (including physiologic q waves) in I and V6 Slide 95: LBBB Left Bundle Branch Block : Left Bundle Branch Block Right Bundle Branch BlockCriteria : Right Bundle Branch BlockCriteria QRS duration ≥ 110ms rSR’ pattern or notched R wave in V1 Wide S wave in I and V6 Slide 99: RBBB Right Bundle Branch Block : Right Bundle Branch Block Left Ventricular Hypertrophy : Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Right Ventricular Hypertrophy : Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Right axis deviation Right atrial enlargement Down sloping ST depressions in V1-V3 (RV strain pattern) Tall R wave in V1 Although there is no widely accepted criteria for detecting the presence of RVH, any combination of the following ECG features is suggestive of its presence: Right Ventricular Hypertrophy : Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Q Wave : Q Wave Normal (physiologic) or due to pathology (pathologic). Depth and width are determining criteria Q wave >0.04 (40 ms) wide is considered a significant finding (pathologic) Antero -Lateral MI : Antero -Lateral MI Slide 118: ST segment ST segment : ST segment From the end of QRS ( J point ) to beginning of T wave . isoelectric ST Segment : ST Segment The ST segment is normally level with the T-P segment rather than the PR segment Examine every lead for ST segment elevation of 1 mm or more. Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Elevation : Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Elevation 1-Normal Variant "Early Repolarization" (usually concave upwards, ending with symmetrical, large, upright T waves) 2- Ischemic Heart Disease (usually convex upwards, or straightened) Acute transmural injury - as in this acute anterior MI 3- Persistent ST elevation after acute MI suggests ventricular aneurysm 4-ST elevation may also be seen as a manifestation of Prinzmetal's (variant) angina (coronary artery spasm) 5-ST elevation during exercise testing suggests extremely tight coronary artery stenosis or spasm (transmural ischemia) Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Elevation : Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Elevation 6-Acute Pericarditis #Concave upwards ST elevation in most leads except aVR # No reciprocal ST segment depression (except in aVR) #Unlike "early repolarization", T waves are usually low amplitude, and heart rate is usually increased. #May see PR segment depression, a manifestation of atrial injury Slide 125: Pericarditis Slide 126: Ventricle aneurysm ST depression : ST depression >2mm usually indicates ischemia Common in normal ECG, especially in pregnancy But: Non specific not more than 2mm below baseline It is convex downward or slopes upwards from the S wave Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Depression : Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Depression 1-Normal variants or artifacts: Pseudo-ST-depression (wandering baseline due to poor skin-electrode contact) 2-Physiologic J-junctional depression with sinus tachycardia (most likely due to atrial repolarization) 3-Hyperventilation-induced ST segment depression Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Depression : Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Depression 4-Ischemic heart disease Subendocardial ischemia (exercise induced or during angina attack ) ST segment depression is often characterized as "horizontal", "upsloping", or "downsloping" 5-Non Q-wave MI 6- Reciprocal changes in acute Q-wave MI (e.g., ST depression in leads I & aVL with acute inferior MI) Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Depression : Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Depression 7-Nonischemic causes of ST depression #RVH (right precordial leads) or LVH (left precordial leads, I, aVL) # Digoxin effect on ECG # Hypokalemia #Mitral valve prolapse (some cases) #Secondary ST segment changes with IV conduction abnormalities (e.g., RBBB, LBBB, WPW, etc) Slide 131: Acute inferoposterior MI (note tall R waves V1-3, marked ST depression V1-3, ST elevation in II, III, aVF) The ECG signs of Infarct! : The ECG signs of Infarct! Abnormal Q waves ST segment elevation (Greater than 1mm in 2 or more adjacent leads) Inverted T waves ST Elevation - Myocardial Infarction : ST Elevation - Myocardial Infarction ST elevation in or more leads Must be at least 1m in limb leads Must be at least 2m in chest leads Antero -Lateral MI : Antero -Lateral MI Slide 137: Old inferoposterior MI (note tall R in V1-3, upright T waves and inferior Q waves) Slide 138: T wave T wave: tall T waves( more than 2 big squares) : T wave: tall T waves( more than 2 big squares) Hyperkalaemia Hyperacute myocardial infarction Left bundle branch block (LBBB) T waves: small, flattened or inverted : T waves: small, flattened or inverted Ischemia age, race hyperventilation, anxiety, drinking iced water LVH drugs (e.g. digoxin) pericarditis, PE intraventricular conduction delay (e.g. RBBB) electrolyte disturbance Slide 146: QT interval QT interval : QT interval measured from beginning of QRS to end of T wave QT Interval (QTc < 0.40 sec) upper limit for QTc = 0.44 sec 1-Bazett's Formula: QTc = (QT)/SqRoot RR (in seconds) 2-Poor Man's Guide to upper limits of QT: For HR = 70 bpm, QT<0.40 sec; for every 10 bpm increase above 70 subtract 0.02 sec, and for every 10 bpm decrease below 70 add 0.02 sec. For example: QT < 0.38 @ 80 bpm QT < 0.42 @ 60 bpm QT interval : QT interval Prolonged QT : Familial long QT Syndrome (LQTS) Congestive Heart Failure Myocardial Infarction Hypocalcemia & Hypokalaemia Hypomagnesemia Type I Antiarrhythmic drugs & Cispride Rheumatic Fever Myocarditis Congenital Heart Disease Short QT : Digoxin (Digitalis) Hypercalcemia Hyperkalemia Slide 151: U Wave Slide 152: The U wave is the only remaining enigma of the ECG, and probably not for long. The origin of the U wave is still in question, although most authorities correlate the U wave with electrophysiologic events called "afterdepolarizations" in the ventricles.. The normal U wave has the same polarity as the T wave and is usually less than one-third the amplitude of the T wave. U waves are usually best seen in the right precordial leads especially V2 and V3. The normal U wave is asymmetric with the ascending limb moving more rapidly than the descending limb (just the opposite of the normal T wave). Slide 153: Prominent upright U waves 1-Sinus bradycardia accentuates the U wave 2-Hypokalemia (remember the triad of ST segment depression, low amplitude T waves, and prominent U waves) 3- Quinidine and other type 1A antiarrhythmics Slide 154: Negative or "inverted" U waves 1- Ischemic heart disease (often indicating left main or LAD disease) Myocardial infarction (in leads with pathologic Q waves) 2-During episode of acute ischemia (angina or exercise-induced ischemia) 3- During coronary artery spasm (Prinzmetal's angina) 4- Nonischemic causes Some cases of LVH or RVH (usually in leads with prominent R waves) Slide 155: Thank you