BIOMES

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BIOMES AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS :

BIOMES AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

Slide 2:

A. Biomes Major types of terrestrial ecosystems. Distribution of biomes largely depends on climate (temperature & rainfall). Climate is determined by the Earth’s tilt & uneven heating of Earth’s surface. Tilt produces seasons in northern & southern hemispheres.

Earth’s tilt produces…? :

Earth’s tilt produces…?

Slide 5:

Unequal heating causes air movements that distribute moisture. Altitude influences climate - conditions usually become drier & colder as altitude increases.

Air circulation & biomes :

Air circulation & biomes Note the closed air cells? Wind patterns distribute suns heat=?? Ocean currents too related to weather??

Elevation & biomes :

Elevation & biomes

Altitude, Temperature, precipitation & Biomes :

Altitude, Temperature, precipitation & Biomes

Earth’s major biomes :

Earth’s major biomes

World Biomes :

World Biomes

Forest Biomes :

Forest Biomes forests occupy approximately one-third of Earth's land area There are three major types of forests, classed according to latitude: Tropical Temperate Boreal forests (taiga)

Slide 14:

Tropical Rain Forest Warm & Moist (rainfall: >200cm in/yr) Temperature is on average 20-25° C Nutrients cycle rapidly Soils are nutrient poor and Acidic plants exhibit vertical stratification(25-35 m tall ) very high biodiversity

Tropical Rain Forest :

Tropical Rain Forest Avg high temp High avg rainfall Adaptations? Only 2 seasons (Rainy &Dry) Winter is absent

Slide 16:

Tropical Dry Forest wet & dry seasons temperature fluctuates soils are rich in nutrients organisms adapted to seasons

Subdivisons of Tropical Forests :

Subdivisons of Tropical Forests evergreen rainforest: no dry season. seasonal rainforest: short dry period in a very wet tropical region (the forest exhibits definite seasonal changes as trees undergo developmental changes simultaneously, but the general character of vegetation remains the same as in evergreen rainforests). semievergreen forest: longer dry season (the upper tree story consists of deciduous trees, while the lower story is still evergreen). moist/dry deciduous forest (monsoon): the length of the dry season increases further as rainfall decreases (all trees are deciduous).

Tropical Rain Forest :

Tropical Rain Forest

Rain Forest Stratification :

Rain Forest Stratification

Deciduous Rain Forest :

Deciduous Rain Forest

Slide 21:

Temperate Forests Rainfall:75-150cm in/yr Temperature:-30° C to 30° C Temperate forests are either deciduous or coniferous. Soil is fertile, enriched with decaying litter Canopy is moderately dense and allows light to penetrate Flora : oak, hickory, beech, hemlock, maple, basswood, cottonwood, elm, willow, and spring-flowering herbs. Fauna : squirrels, rabbits, skunks, birds, deer, mountain lion, bobcat, timber wolf, fox, and black bear

Subdivisons of Temparate Forests :

Subdivisons of Temparate Forests moist conifer and evergreen broad-leaved forests: wet winters and dry summers (rainfall is concentrated in the winter months and winters are relatively mild). dry conifer forests: dominate higher elevation zones; low precipitation. mediterranean forests: precipitation is concentrated in winter, less than 1000 mm per year. temperate coniferous: mild winters, high annual precipitation (greater than 2000 mm). temperate broad-leaved rainforests: mild, frost-free winters, high precipitation (more than 1500 mm) evenly distributed throughout the year. Temperate Deciduous Forest: most growing season (at least 4 months), soil rich in nutrients, vertical stratification, organisms adapted to seasonal changes, oak-hickory or beech-maple predominate

Mediterranean forests :

Mediterranean forests

Temperate deciduous forest :

Temperate deciduous forest Leaves lost in winter…why?

Slide 27:

Temperate Coniferous Forest spruce, pines, firs & hemlocks predominate summers typically dry; long, harsh winters soil is thin, acidic & poor in nutrients understory of shrubs adapted to recurring fires

Coniferous Forests :

Coniferous Forests

Slide 29:

Taiga (boreal forest) precipitation falls as snow/ice (30-85 cm/yr) long, cold winters soil is thin, moist, acidic & nutrient poor (subsoil may be frozen) biodiversity lower than temperate zone conifers predominate

Taiga :

Taiga Average low temp Avg. low rainfall I.e. ‘frozen desert’

Boreal Forest :

Boreal Forest

Indian Forest TypesBroad leaved & Coniferrous :

Indian Forest TypesBroad leaved & Coniferrous Broad leaved Forests: Evergreen Forests Deciduous Forests Thorn Forests Mangrove Forests

Grassland :

Grassland Dry season Rainy season Avg high temp

World Grasslands :

World Grasslands

Slide 37:

Tropical Savanna wet & dry seasons (rainfall: 30-75 cm/yr) mainly grasslands; few scattered trees & shrubs organisms adapted to wet/dry seasons (migrating herbivores) frequent fires maintain grassland

African Savanna :

African Savanna

Slide 40:

Temperate Grasslands (prairie) 1 or 2 dry seasons/year (rainfall: 250-1000 cm/yr) lack trees & shrubs grazing & frequent fires maintain grass In US, majority of prairie has been replaced by farmland.

Temperate grassland :

Temperate grassland Freezing ‘vernalizes’ seeds Very productive

Grasslands :

Grasslands

Types of Grasslands in India :

Types of Grasslands in India Himalayan Pasture Terai Belt Shola Grasslands Semi-arid plains of Central India & Deccan Plateau

Slide 45:

4. Desert dry (rainfall: < 25cm/yr) hot days / cool nights plants adapted to obtain & store water rapid life cycles deep roots (mesquite) succulent tissues / reduced leaves (cacti)

Desert :

Desert

Salt Desert & Sand Dunes :

Salt Desert & Sand Dunes

Tropical desert :

Tropical desert Avg high temp Little rainfall Adaptations??

Temperate desert :

Temperate desert High avg temp Low rainfall Adaptations?

Slide 51:

animals adapted to minimize water loss tough, waterproof integument concentrated urine nocturnal habits Atriplex (saltbush plant) stores salt in outer cells of leaves. Red vizcacha rat has adaptation that allows it to feed on Atriplex.

Thar Desert, Greater & Little Rann of Kutch Desert Trees: :

Thar Desert, Greater & Little Rann of Kutch Desert Trees:

Slide 53:

Tundra Precipitation: 20-50 cm/yr Avg annual Temp: -56°C long, bitterly cold winters permafrost begins 0.6 to 4 m below surface low biodiversity shallow-rooted shrubs & lichens plants adapted to short growing season animals adapted to cold (small extremities) & snow (many are camouflaged)

Tundras in summer :

Tundras in summer

Tundra :

Tundra Low avg temp Low rainfall Adaptations?

Polar Desert :

Polar Desert Note avg higher temp than tundra

Slide 59:

Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Lakes and Ponds (standing water) littoral zone limnetic zone profundal zone benthic zone

Slide 60:

Oxygen & nutrients (nitrogen/phosphorus) are unevenly distributed in lakes. O2 level is highest near surface nutrient level is highest near bottom Oxygen & nutrients are redistributed by: wind (ponds & shallow lakes) fall & spring turnover (deep lakes in temperate regions)

Slide 61:

Oligotrophic lakes young; low in nutrients & productivity clear & sparkling blue deep water is oxygen-rich Eutrophic lakes older; nutrient rich & high in productivity green & murky O2 often depleted in deep water during summer Nutrients in sewage & agricultural runoff speed eutrophication.

Slide 62:

Rivers and Streams (running water) Transport rainwater, groundwater, snowmelt & sediment from land to ocean or lake. At headwaters: channel is narrow water is clear & oxygen-rich current is swift At mouth: channel widens water is murky & contains less oxygen current slows, depositing sediment

Slide 63:

2. Marine Ecosystems Coastal Ecosystems Include estuaries, mangrove swamps, the intertidal zone & coral reefs. Estuary - area where fresh water of river meets salty water of ocean. water is brackish salinity fluctuates very productive high biodiversity nursery for many ocean animals

Ocean currents & biomes :

Ocean currents & biomes

Slide 65:

Mangrove Swamp - tropical wetland dominated by salt-tolerant plants (mangroves). transitional zone between forest & ocean salinity fluctuates plants have aerial roots high biodiversity Below: A Salt Marsh

Slide 66:

Intertidal Zone - area along coast between high & low tides. organisms adapted to pounding waves & varying degrees of desiccation low productivity Coral Reef - underwater deposits of calcium carbonate formed by colonies of animals. very productive high biodiversity very fragile

Slide 68:

Ocean Ecosystem covers 71% of Earth’s surface temperature: 35oF - 81oF sunlight quickly dissipates with depth primary producers are photoautotrophs (found near surface) & chemoautotrophs (found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents) highest productivity near upwellings (occurs on western side of continents)

And, what did we learn? :

And, what did we learn? What is a biome? List 2 major factors that determine? List 7 major biomes & climates Compare freshwater ecosystems Lakes vs flowing sources Marine ecosystems (coastal & open)