logging in or signing up Ecosystem Components post2m Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1333 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (0) Added: September 19, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: environm (11 month(s) ago) Nice work..... Can u please send me this presentation?.... My email: manonmani.u@gmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: andysingh2011 (15 month(s) ago) Can u please send me this presentation.. I wanna download it.. plzz help me.. my email : anupsingh009@gmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: swathti (15 month(s) ago) can you please send me a copy of this entire presentation my mail address is msvkvprasad@gmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: post2m (16 month(s) ago) give me your mail id Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: bmsertrtyuy (16 month(s) ago) please let me have this ppt Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling : Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling “All things come from earth, and to earth they all return”—Menander Key Questions: : Key Questions: What is ecology? What are the major parts of the earth’s life support systems? What are the major components of an ecosystem? What happens to matter and energy in ecosystems? What are ecosystem services? How do they affect the sustainability of the earth’s life support systems? Ecology and the levels of organization of matter : Ecology and the levels of organization of matter Ecology—Greek oikos meaning house Study of how organisms interact with one another and their non-living environment (biotic and abiotic components) Studies connections in nature on the thin life supporting membrane of air, water, and soil Levels of Organization of Matter Subatomic to biosphere ECOSYSTEM : ECOSYSTEM Ecosystem Organization : Ecosystem Organization Organisms: Any living thing Made of cells (Cell: Basic unit of life) Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Species Groups of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, and genetic make up Sexual vs Asexual reproduction Production of viable offspring in nature 1.5 million named; 10-50 million likely Populations Genetic diversity Communities: Assemblage of all interacting populations existing in a geographical area Ecosystems: Community of living organisms (populations of species) interacting with one another and with the non-living environment Biosphere Earth’s Life Support Systems : Earth’s Life Support Systems Troposphere To 11 miles (12 km) Air is here Stratosphere 11 to 30 miles (50 km) Ozone layer Hydrosphere Solid, liquid, and gaseous water Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle Contains non-renewable res. Sustaining Life on Earth… : Sustaining Life on Earth… One way flow of high quality energy The cycling of matter (the earth is a closed system) Gravity Causes downward movement of matter Major Ecosystem Components : Major Ecosystem Components Abiotic Components Water, air, temperature, soil, nutrients, minerals, light levels, moisture, precipitation, salinity Sets tolerance limits for populations and communities Some are limiting factors that structure the abundance of populations Biotic Components Producers, consumers, decomposers Plants, animals, bacteria/fungi Biotic interactions with abiotic components include predation, competition, symbiosis, parasitism, commensalism etc. Types of Ecosystems : Types of Ecosystems Terrestrial Ecosystems Aquatic Ecosystems -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Forest Pond Grassland Lake Semi-arid Areas Wetland Deserts River Mountains Delta Islands Marine Limiting Factors on Land & Water : Limiting Factors on Land & Water Terrestrial Sunlight Temperature Precipitation Soil nutrients Fire frequency Wind Latitude Altitude Aquatic/Marine Light penetration Water clarity Water currents Dissolved nutrient concentrations Esp. N, P, Fe Dissolved Oxygen concentration Salinity The Source of High Quality Energy : The Source of High Quality Energy Energy of sun lights and warms the planet Supports photosyn. Powers the cycling of matter Drives climate and weather that distribute heat and H2O Primary Productivity : Primary Productivity The conversion of light energy to chemical energy is called “gross primary production.” Plants use the energy captured in photosynthesis for maintenance and growth. The energy that is accumulated in plant biomass is called “net primary production.” Primary Productivity : Primary Productivity NPP=GPP-respiration rate GPP= RATE at which producers convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass Rate at which producers use photosynthesis to fix inorganic carbon into the organic carbon of their tissues These producers must use some of the total biomass they produce for their own respiration NPP= Rate at which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass (available to consumers) Units Kcal/m2/yr or g/m2/yr How do you measure it? AP Lab Site Most productive vs. least productive What are the most productive Ecosystems? : What are the most productive Ecosystems? Fate of Primary Productivity and Some important questions… : Fate of Primary Productivity and Some important questions… Since producers are ultimate source of all food, why shouldn’t we just harvest the plants of the world’s marshes? Why don’t we cut tropical rainforests to grow crops for humans? Why not harvest primary producers of the world’s vast oceans? Humans now use, waste, or destroy about 27% of earth’s total potential NPP and 40% of the NPP of the planet’s terrestrial ecosystems Biotic Components of Ecosystems : Biotic Components of Ecosystems Producers (Autotrophs) Source of all food - Photosynthesis Consumers (Heterotrophs) - Aerobic respiration - Anaerobic respiration Methane, H2S Decomposers (Saptrotrophs) Matter recyclers… Release organic compounds into soil and water where they can be used by producers Trophic Levels : Trophic Levels Each organism in an ecosystem is assigned to a feeding (or Trophic) level Primary Producers Primary Consumers (herbivores) Secondary Consumer (carnivores) Tertiary Consumers (Top carnivores) Omnivores Detritus feeders and scavengers Directly consume tiny fragments of dead stuff Decomposers Digest complex organic chemicals into inorganic nutrients that are used by producers Completes the cycle of matter Energy Flow and Matter Cycling in Ecosystems… : Energy Flow and Matter Cycling in Ecosystems… Food Chains vs. Food Webs KEY: There is little if no matter waste in natural ecosystems! FOOD CHAIN : FOOD CHAIN FOOD WEB : FOOD WEB Generalized Food Web of the Antarctic : Generalized Food Web of the Antarctic Note: Arrows Go in direction Of energy flow… Decomposers…important? : Decomposers…important? Food Webs and the Laws of matter and energy : Food Webs and the Laws of matter and energy Food chains/webs show how matter and energy move from one organism to another through an ecosystem Each trophic level contains a certain amount of biomass (dry weight of all organic matter) Chemical energy stored in biomass is transferred from one trophic level to the next With each trophic transfer, some usable energy is degraded and lost to the environment as low quality heat Thus, only a small portion of what is eaten and digested is actually converted into an organisms’ bodily material or biomass (WHAT LAW ACCOUNTS FOR THIS?) Ecological Efficiency: The % of usable energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next (ranges from 5-20% in most ecosystems, use 10% as a rule of thumb) Thus, the more trophic levels or steps in a food chain, the greater the cumulative loss of useable energy… Detritivores vs Decomposers stop : Detritivores vs Decomposers stop Pyramids of Energy and Matter : Pyramids of Energy and Matter Pyramid of Energy Flow Pyramid of Biomass Ecological Pyramids of Energy : Ecological Pyramids of Energy Ecological Pyramids of Biomass : Ecological Pyramids of Biomass Implications of Pyramids…. : Implications of Pyramids…. Why could the earth support more people if the eat at lower trophic levels? Why are food chains and webs rarely more than four or five trophic levels? Why are there so few top level carnivores? Why are these species usually the first to suffer when the the ecosystems that support them are disrupted? Ecosystem Services and Sustainability : Ecosystem Services and Sustainability Use Renewable Solar Energy As Energy Source Recycle the chemical nutrients needed for life Lessons From Nature! Food/Energy WEBS : Food/Energy WEBS Series of food chains Interlaced More stable than food chain…why? GRAZING… DETRITAL… Fate of Solar Energy… : Fate of Solar Energy… Earth gets 1/billionth of sun’s output of nrg 34% is reflected away by atmosphere 66% is absorbed by chemicals in atm = re-radiated into space Visible light, Infrared radiation (heat), and a small amount of UV not absorbed by ozone reaches the atmosphere Energy warms troposphere and land Evaporates water and cycles it along with gravity Generates winds A tiny fraction is captured by photosynthesizing organisms Natural greenhouse effect vs. Global Warming Overview of Nutrient Cycling : Overview of Nutrient Cycling Nutrient recycling (i.e. Carbon) : Nutrient recycling (i.e. Carbon) Matter Cycles : Matter Cycles You are responsible for knowing the water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles Know major sources and sinks Know major flows Know how human activities are disrupting these cycles Carbon Cycle : Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle : Carbon Cycle CARBON CYCLE : CARBON CYCLE Nitrogen Cycle : Nitrogen Cycle The Sulfur Cycle : The Sulfur Cycle Sulfur Cycle : Sulfur Cycle Water Cycle : Water Cycle The Phosphorous Cycle : The Phosphorous Cycle FOR YOUR INFORMATION : FOR YOUR INFORMATION Biogeographic Regions in India : Biogeographic Regions in India Keystone Species are species who enrich ecosystem function in a unique and significant manner through their activities, and the effect is disproportionate to their numerical abundance. Their removal initiates changes in ecosystem structure and often loss of diversity. These keystones may be habitat modifiers (ie. cottonwoods, rushes and ironwood), keystone predators (ie. puma and coyote) or keystone herbivores (ie. prairie dog and beaver) : Keystone Species are species who enrich ecosystem function in a unique and significant manner through their activities, and the effect is disproportionate to their numerical abundance. Their removal initiates changes in ecosystem structure and often loss of diversity. These keystones may be habitat modifiers (ie. cottonwoods, rushes and ironwood), keystone predators (ie. puma and coyote) or keystone herbivores (ie. prairie dog and beaver) ECOTONES : ECOTONES An ecotone is a transition area between two adjacent ecological communities (ecosystems). species from each community will be found together as well as unique local species. The phenomenon of increased variety of plants as well as animals at the community junction is called the Edge effect and is essentially due to a locally broader range of suitable environmental conditions or ecological niches. Ecological Succession : Ecological Succession Evolution of Atmosphere : Evolution of Atmosphere Liquid Nitrogen & Nitrate salt : Liquid Nitrogen & Nitrate salt Hydro Electric DAM : Hydro Electric DAM FURTHER READING : FURTHER READING Biomes : Biomes Bomes Contnued… : Bomes Contnued… A major ecological community of organisms adapted to a particular climatic or environmental condition on a large geographic area in which they occur. Earth’s major biomes : Earth’s major biomes Elevation & Biomes : Elevation & Biomes Elevation & biomes : Elevation & biomes Biomes : Biomes H2O : H2O You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Ecosystem Components post2m Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1333 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (0) Added: September 19, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: environm (11 month(s) ago) Nice work..... Can u please send me this presentation?.... My email: manonmani.u@gmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: andysingh2011 (15 month(s) ago) Can u please send me this presentation.. I wanna download it.. plzz help me.. my email : anupsingh009@gmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: swathti (15 month(s) ago) can you please send me a copy of this entire presentation my mail address is msvkvprasad@gmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: post2m (16 month(s) ago) give me your mail id Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: bmsertrtyuy (16 month(s) ago) please let me have this ppt Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling : Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling “All things come from earth, and to earth they all return”—Menander Key Questions: : Key Questions: What is ecology? What are the major parts of the earth’s life support systems? What are the major components of an ecosystem? What happens to matter and energy in ecosystems? What are ecosystem services? How do they affect the sustainability of the earth’s life support systems? Ecology and the levels of organization of matter : Ecology and the levels of organization of matter Ecology—Greek oikos meaning house Study of how organisms interact with one another and their non-living environment (biotic and abiotic components) Studies connections in nature on the thin life supporting membrane of air, water, and soil Levels of Organization of Matter Subatomic to biosphere ECOSYSTEM : ECOSYSTEM Ecosystem Organization : Ecosystem Organization Organisms: Any living thing Made of cells (Cell: Basic unit of life) Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Species Groups of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, and genetic make up Sexual vs Asexual reproduction Production of viable offspring in nature 1.5 million named; 10-50 million likely Populations Genetic diversity Communities: Assemblage of all interacting populations existing in a geographical area Ecosystems: Community of living organisms (populations of species) interacting with one another and with the non-living environment Biosphere Earth’s Life Support Systems : Earth’s Life Support Systems Troposphere To 11 miles (12 km) Air is here Stratosphere 11 to 30 miles (50 km) Ozone layer Hydrosphere Solid, liquid, and gaseous water Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle Contains non-renewable res. Sustaining Life on Earth… : Sustaining Life on Earth… One way flow of high quality energy The cycling of matter (the earth is a closed system) Gravity Causes downward movement of matter Major Ecosystem Components : Major Ecosystem Components Abiotic Components Water, air, temperature, soil, nutrients, minerals, light levels, moisture, precipitation, salinity Sets tolerance limits for populations and communities Some are limiting factors that structure the abundance of populations Biotic Components Producers, consumers, decomposers Plants, animals, bacteria/fungi Biotic interactions with abiotic components include predation, competition, symbiosis, parasitism, commensalism etc. Types of Ecosystems : Types of Ecosystems Terrestrial Ecosystems Aquatic Ecosystems -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Forest Pond Grassland Lake Semi-arid Areas Wetland Deserts River Mountains Delta Islands Marine Limiting Factors on Land & Water : Limiting Factors on Land & Water Terrestrial Sunlight Temperature Precipitation Soil nutrients Fire frequency Wind Latitude Altitude Aquatic/Marine Light penetration Water clarity Water currents Dissolved nutrient concentrations Esp. N, P, Fe Dissolved Oxygen concentration Salinity The Source of High Quality Energy : The Source of High Quality Energy Energy of sun lights and warms the planet Supports photosyn. Powers the cycling of matter Drives climate and weather that distribute heat and H2O Primary Productivity : Primary Productivity The conversion of light energy to chemical energy is called “gross primary production.” Plants use the energy captured in photosynthesis for maintenance and growth. The energy that is accumulated in plant biomass is called “net primary production.” Primary Productivity : Primary Productivity NPP=GPP-respiration rate GPP= RATE at which producers convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass Rate at which producers use photosynthesis to fix inorganic carbon into the organic carbon of their tissues These producers must use some of the total biomass they produce for their own respiration NPP= Rate at which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass (available to consumers) Units Kcal/m2/yr or g/m2/yr How do you measure it? AP Lab Site Most productive vs. least productive What are the most productive Ecosystems? : What are the most productive Ecosystems? Fate of Primary Productivity and Some important questions… : Fate of Primary Productivity and Some important questions… Since producers are ultimate source of all food, why shouldn’t we just harvest the plants of the world’s marshes? Why don’t we cut tropical rainforests to grow crops for humans? Why not harvest primary producers of the world’s vast oceans? Humans now use, waste, or destroy about 27% of earth’s total potential NPP and 40% of the NPP of the planet’s terrestrial ecosystems Biotic Components of Ecosystems : Biotic Components of Ecosystems Producers (Autotrophs) Source of all food - Photosynthesis Consumers (Heterotrophs) - Aerobic respiration - Anaerobic respiration Methane, H2S Decomposers (Saptrotrophs) Matter recyclers… Release organic compounds into soil and water where they can be used by producers Trophic Levels : Trophic Levels Each organism in an ecosystem is assigned to a feeding (or Trophic) level Primary Producers Primary Consumers (herbivores) Secondary Consumer (carnivores) Tertiary Consumers (Top carnivores) Omnivores Detritus feeders and scavengers Directly consume tiny fragments of dead stuff Decomposers Digest complex organic chemicals into inorganic nutrients that are used by producers Completes the cycle of matter Energy Flow and Matter Cycling in Ecosystems… : Energy Flow and Matter Cycling in Ecosystems… Food Chains vs. Food Webs KEY: There is little if no matter waste in natural ecosystems! FOOD CHAIN : FOOD CHAIN FOOD WEB : FOOD WEB Generalized Food Web of the Antarctic : Generalized Food Web of the Antarctic Note: Arrows Go in direction Of energy flow… Decomposers…important? : Decomposers…important? Food Webs and the Laws of matter and energy : Food Webs and the Laws of matter and energy Food chains/webs show how matter and energy move from one organism to another through an ecosystem Each trophic level contains a certain amount of biomass (dry weight of all organic matter) Chemical energy stored in biomass is transferred from one trophic level to the next With each trophic transfer, some usable energy is degraded and lost to the environment as low quality heat Thus, only a small portion of what is eaten and digested is actually converted into an organisms’ bodily material or biomass (WHAT LAW ACCOUNTS FOR THIS?) Ecological Efficiency: The % of usable energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next (ranges from 5-20% in most ecosystems, use 10% as a rule of thumb) Thus, the more trophic levels or steps in a food chain, the greater the cumulative loss of useable energy… Detritivores vs Decomposers stop : Detritivores vs Decomposers stop Pyramids of Energy and Matter : Pyramids of Energy and Matter Pyramid of Energy Flow Pyramid of Biomass Ecological Pyramids of Energy : Ecological Pyramids of Energy Ecological Pyramids of Biomass : Ecological Pyramids of Biomass Implications of Pyramids…. : Implications of Pyramids…. Why could the earth support more people if the eat at lower trophic levels? Why are food chains and webs rarely more than four or five trophic levels? Why are there so few top level carnivores? Why are these species usually the first to suffer when the the ecosystems that support them are disrupted? Ecosystem Services and Sustainability : Ecosystem Services and Sustainability Use Renewable Solar Energy As Energy Source Recycle the chemical nutrients needed for life Lessons From Nature! Food/Energy WEBS : Food/Energy WEBS Series of food chains Interlaced More stable than food chain…why? GRAZING… DETRITAL… Fate of Solar Energy… : Fate of Solar Energy… Earth gets 1/billionth of sun’s output of nrg 34% is reflected away by atmosphere 66% is absorbed by chemicals in atm = re-radiated into space Visible light, Infrared radiation (heat), and a small amount of UV not absorbed by ozone reaches the atmosphere Energy warms troposphere and land Evaporates water and cycles it along with gravity Generates winds A tiny fraction is captured by photosynthesizing organisms Natural greenhouse effect vs. Global Warming Overview of Nutrient Cycling : Overview of Nutrient Cycling Nutrient recycling (i.e. Carbon) : Nutrient recycling (i.e. Carbon) Matter Cycles : Matter Cycles You are responsible for knowing the water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles Know major sources and sinks Know major flows Know how human activities are disrupting these cycles Carbon Cycle : Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle : Carbon Cycle CARBON CYCLE : CARBON CYCLE Nitrogen Cycle : Nitrogen Cycle The Sulfur Cycle : The Sulfur Cycle Sulfur Cycle : Sulfur Cycle Water Cycle : Water Cycle The Phosphorous Cycle : The Phosphorous Cycle FOR YOUR INFORMATION : FOR YOUR INFORMATION Biogeographic Regions in India : Biogeographic Regions in India Keystone Species are species who enrich ecosystem function in a unique and significant manner through their activities, and the effect is disproportionate to their numerical abundance. Their removal initiates changes in ecosystem structure and often loss of diversity. These keystones may be habitat modifiers (ie. cottonwoods, rushes and ironwood), keystone predators (ie. puma and coyote) or keystone herbivores (ie. prairie dog and beaver) : Keystone Species are species who enrich ecosystem function in a unique and significant manner through their activities, and the effect is disproportionate to their numerical abundance. Their removal initiates changes in ecosystem structure and often loss of diversity. These keystones may be habitat modifiers (ie. cottonwoods, rushes and ironwood), keystone predators (ie. puma and coyote) or keystone herbivores (ie. prairie dog and beaver) ECOTONES : ECOTONES An ecotone is a transition area between two adjacent ecological communities (ecosystems). species from each community will be found together as well as unique local species. The phenomenon of increased variety of plants as well as animals at the community junction is called the Edge effect and is essentially due to a locally broader range of suitable environmental conditions or ecological niches. Ecological Succession : Ecological Succession Evolution of Atmosphere : Evolution of Atmosphere Liquid Nitrogen & Nitrate salt : Liquid Nitrogen & Nitrate salt Hydro Electric DAM : Hydro Electric DAM FURTHER READING : FURTHER READING Biomes : Biomes Bomes Contnued… : Bomes Contnued… A major ecological community of organisms adapted to a particular climatic or environmental condition on a large geographic area in which they occur. Earth’s major biomes : Earth’s major biomes Elevation & Biomes : Elevation & Biomes Elevation & biomes : Elevation & biomes Biomes : Biomes H2O : H2O