Breeding For Stress In Crop Plants

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BREEDING FOR STRESS IN CROP PLANTS PAWAN SAINI 2010-11-153 1 DISCLAIMER: All copyrights of the figures used in the present presentation lie with the original developers. The information has been gathered here for educational purpose and not for sale.

“It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change” :

CHARLES R. DARWIN “It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change” 2

INTRODUCTION:

INTRODUCTION Phenotypic performance 1. Genotype 2. Environment G X E Factors of environment: 1. Biotic 2. Abiotic 3

STRESS:

STRESS Stress can be defined as an influence that is outside the normal range of homeostatic control (Lerner, 1999). Any strain or interference that disturbs the functioning of an organism ( Encyclopedia Britannica). When some factors of the environment interferes with the complete expression of genotypic potential , it is called stress (Singh B. D.) 4

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IMPORTANCE OF ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC STRESS:

IMPORTANCE OF ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC STRESS Abiotic stresses are the main factors that limit crop productivity. drought, salinity and heavy metals stresses caused yield losses annually to a greater extent ( Nafees A. Khan & Sarvajeet Singh, 2008 ). Abiotic stresses account for Ca. 78% of yield losses. It is estimated that only 10% of world arable area is not subjected to an abiotic stress. Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost owing to various abiotic stress factors ( Oerke et.al., 1994). The progressive salinization of soil, estimated at around 20% of irrigated land ( Ghassemi et al .,1995). Bitiotic stresses are caused by any causal organism. In order of there importance they may be listed as Fungi > bacteria > viruses > nematodes = insects The losses due to diseases may range from a few to 20 or 30 percent,in case of severe infection , the total crop may be lost. The estimated global loss due to insect pests in the potential yields of all the crops is ~14%. In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %. 6

FRACTION OF WORLD’S ARABLE LAND SUBJECT TO AN ABIOTIC STRESS:

FRACTION OF WORLD’S ARABLE LAND SUBJECT TO AN ABIOTIC STRESS 7

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DROUGHT RESISTANCE:

DROUGHT RESISTANCE Mechanism(s) causing minimum loss of yield in a drought environment relative to the maximum yield in a constraint-free environment. 9

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Line A Variety B Parents HIGH CUTICULAR WAX HIGH YIELD & OTHER YIELD TRAITS F1 F2 F3 Evaluation of F4 F5 F6 1.Individual Pl progenies grown under moisture stress 2.Evaluation of progenies for Cuticular Wax Space Planted 12

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1.Selected progenies grown under optimum moisture 2.Selection based on yield & quality. Priliminary yield trial Multilocation yield trial Sed multiplication for distribution F7&F8 F9 F10-F12 F13 Breeding Scheme for Drought Resistance based on a Combined Use of Optimum & Moisture Stress Environments 13

STEPS IN GENETIC ENGINEERING:

STEPS IN GENETIC ENGINEERING 14

BARLEY GENE IN RICE FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE:

Plasmid pBY520 with bar gene Xu et al ., Plant Physiol. (1996) 11 O: 249-257 HAV-7 BARLEY GENE IN RICE FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE 15

CONT…..:

CONT….. HVA7 , is a late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) protein gene, from barley ( Hordium vulgare L.) This gene was introduced into rice suspension cells using the Biolistic-mediated transformation method Barley HVA 7 gene regulated by the rice actin 1 gene promoter led to high-level, constitutive accumulation of the HVAl protein in both leaves and roots of transgenic rice plants Xu et al ., Plant Physiol. (1996) 11 O: 249-257 16

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MINERAL STRESS 17

SALT AFFECTED SOILS:

SALT AFFECTED SOILS Excess accumulation of soluble saltsin the root zone In India, 7 million hectares area salt affected 18

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CROPS TOLERANT TO SALINITY:

CROPS TOLERANT TO SALINITY Category Crops Sensitive Apple,Bean ( Rajma ), Carrot,Okra,Onion , Orange Moderately Sensitive Alfalfa,Cabbage,Maize,Cowpea,Cucumber,Peanut,Pepper,potato,Radish,Rice, SugarcaneSweet Potato,Tomato,Vetch Moderately Tolerant Barley(Forage), Broccoli,Safflower , Sorghum,Soyabean , Wheat Tolerant Barley(Grain), Cotton,Sugarcane 20

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BREEDING APPROACHES FOR SALINITY RESISTANCE:

BREEDING APPROACHES FOR SALINITY RESISTANCE 22

INCREASED GLYCINE BETAINE SYNTHESIS AND SALINITY TOLERANCE:

INCREASED GLYCINE BETAINE SYNTHESIS AND SALINITY TOLERANCE Glycine betaine is an osmoprotectant that plays an important role and accumulates rapidly in many plants during salinity or drought stress Choline monooxygenase (CMO) is a major catalyst in the synthesis of glycine betaine. Zhang et al ., 2009, Mol Breeding , 23:289–298 23

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MINERAL DEFICIENCY RESISTANCE MECHANISMS 24

CONT……:

CONT…… 25

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Mineral Toxic Effects Due To toxicity Symptoms Resistance Mechanism Aluminium Membrane instability, protein denaturation Reduced root growth, root discolouration ; lack of lateral roots Increased ph of rhizospheres ; exclusion from entering root(Atlas-66) Manganese Reduction in enzymes activities, respiration & ATP levels; increased activities of oxidases Leaf chlorosis and necrosis; leaf crinkling abd ‘cupping’ or ‘puckering’ Exclusion from shoot due to reduced transport from root, or redistribution in different parts of shoot; tolerance to high Mn concentration. MINERAL TOXICITY RESISTANCE 26

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The adverse effects on plants of temperatures higher than the optimal. Heat would affect: HEAT STRESS 27

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Mechanism Contributory Processes Consequances Heat Avoidance Transpiration Leaf reflectance due to 1. Pubescence 2. Glaucousness Insulation by bark Cooling Reduces light interception by leaves Reduces heating Heat Tolerance Membrane stability Stability of photosystemII Photosynthate translocation Stem-reserve mobilization Osmoregulation Associated with heat Hardening and possibly Hsp synthesis MECHANISM OF HEAT STRESS 28

HEAT TOLERANCE BASMATI RICE BY OVEREXPRESSION OF hsp101:

HEAT TOLERANCE BASMATI RICE BY OVEREXPRESSION OF hsp101 Introduced Arabidopsis thaliana hsp101 (Athsp101) cDNA into the Pusa basmati 1 cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Over-expression of hsp 101 gene is associated with heat tolerance. Katiyar-Agarwal et al., ( 2003 ) Pt .Mol. Biol. 51: 677–686 29

CONT…..:

CONT….. Comparison of survival of transgenic lines after exposure to different levels of high-temperature stress with the untransformed control plants 45 ◦C for 3 h and then were placed at 28 ◦C The optimum temperature for rice growth throughout its life cycle is 25–31 ◦C Katiyar-Agarwal et al., ( 2003 ) Pt .Mol. Biol. 51: 677–686 untransformed (C2) and transgenic lines (15and 43) 30

COLD RESISTANCE:

COLD RESISTANCE When temperatures remain above-freezing, i.e., >0 0 C called as chilling. Temperatures below freezing is called as freezing. 31

CHILLING TOLERANCE:

CHILLING TOLERANCE Ability of some genotypes to survive/perform better under chilling stress than other genotypes is called. It involves: membrane lipid unsaturation, reduced sensitivity of PS, increasedchlorophyll accumulation, improved geermination, improved fruit/seed set and pollen fertility 32

FREEZING RESISTANCE:

FREEZING RESISTANCE T ability of a genotype to survive freezing stress & to recover & regrow after thawing is known as freezing resistance. Two distinct strategies: 33

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FREEZING AVOIDANCE Ability of plant tissues/organs to avoid ice formation at subzero temperature is called freezing tolerance. FREEZING TOLERANCE Ability of plants to survive the stresses generated by extracellular ice formation & to recover regrow after thawing. Components: Osmotic adjustment, Bound water, Plasma-membrane stability. 34

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BIOTIC STRESSES 35

INSECT RESISTANCE:

INSECT RESISTANCE HAIRINESS - Hairiness in many plants provide jassid resistance . ex cotton COLOUR - Colour also contributes to non preference in some cases. Ex-red cabbage less favoured than green by lepidopterian pests for oviposition. 1.MORPHOLOGICAL FACTORS 36

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SOLIDITY - Solid stem stem confers resistance to saw fly in wheat. TOUGHNESS OF TISSUES –Thickness of leaf lamina in cotton contributes to jassid resistance. OTHER – Tree cotton having narrow lobes and leathery leaves are more tolerant to jassid . Long pedicil cotton varieties are more resistance to bollworm. Cont . . . 37

BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS:

BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS High silica content in rice provide resistance to stem borer , by wearing of the mendibular mouth parts of the insect. High conc. Of benzyl alcohol in wheat and barley provide resistance to green bugs. 38

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Gossypol content in cotton is associated with bollworm resistance. DIMBOA content in maize is associated with resistance towards European corn borer. Ethanol content in leaves and fruits of tomato gives resistance towards tomato fruit borer and tobacco flea beetle. Cont . . . 39

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS:

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS In Medicago desciformis the secondary tricomes on the leaves secrete antibiotic exudates, which kills alfa-alfa weevil at higher concentration. Aphids and Colorado beetles get trapped in gummy exudates and are unable to feed and reproduce. 40

Cont . . .:

Cont . . . Several Solanum species and tobacco secrete exudates from grandular leaf hairs which are toxic to various insect and mite pests. Osmotic concentration of cell sap and leaf exudates are also associated with insect resistance. 41

MECHANISMS OF INSECT RESISTANCE:

MECHANISMS OF INSECT RESISTANCE 42

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH:

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH The cry gene of B.thuringiensis produces a protein, which forms crystalline inclusions in the bacterial spores. This crystal proteins are responsible for the insecticidal activity of the bacterial strains. 43

MICELLANEOUS EXAMPLES OF INSECT RESISTANCE :

MICELLANEOUS EXAMPLES OF INSECT RESISTANCE 44 TRANSGENES SOURCE ORGANISM EXPRESSED IN CROP CONFERRED RESISITANCE TO INSECT Insecticidal protien gene Streptomyces Tobacco Boll weevil Trypsin inhibitor gene Sweet potato Tobacco S.litura Alfa amylase inhibitor gene Adzuki bean Pea Bruches beetle & pea weevil Lectin gene Snow drop Potato Tomato moth Cholesterol oxidase gene Streptomyces sp. Tobacco Boll weevil Stunt virus genome Helicoverpa stunt virus Cotton Cotton boll worm Chitinase Bean Potato Tomato moth

DISEASE DEVELOPMENT:

PATHOGEN HOST ENVIRONMENT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT 45

HISTORY OF BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE:

HISTORY OF BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE 1900: Orton selected lines of cotton resistant to Fusarium wilt by growing cotton on wilt sick soils. 1905: Biffen demonstrated that resistance to yellow rust( Puccinia striformis ) in wheat was goverened by a recessive gene. 1951: Flor postulated hypothesis “Gene- for Gene” relationship. 46

GENETIC RESISTANCE:

GENETIC RESISTANCE Heritable features of a host plant that suppress or retard development of a pathogen or insect. Governed by nuclear genes or cytoplasmic genes Measured in releation to susceptible genotypes. Effective means of controlling biotic stress in crop plants Protection of natural enemies Breeding for biotic stress is different from breeding for yield. 47

TYPES OF RESISTANCE:

TYPES OF RESISTANCE VERTICAL RESISTANCE Specific resistance of a host to the particular race of a pathogen. Goverened by oligogenes Shows discontinuous variation Less durable Provide protection against onlyone race of a pathogen Applicable to gene for gene hypothesis HORIZONTAL RESISTANCE The resistance of a host to all the races of a pathogen. General resistance Goverened by polygenes Shows continuous variation More durable Provide protection against several races of a pathogen. Not applicable to gene for gene hypothesis 48

GENE FOR GENE HYPOTHESIS:

GENE FOR GENE HYPOTHESIS First developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies in flax for rust caused by Malamspora lini. Each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is a corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity. Genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. 49

TYPES OF GENE FOR GENE RELATIONSHIP IN HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION:

TYPES OF GENE FOR GENE RELATIONSHIP IN HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION RESISTANCE Incompatibilty compatibility GENE A1 a1 A1 a1 R 1 R S R R r 1 S S R S 50

MECHANISM S OF DISEASE RESISTANCE:

MECHANISM S OF DISEASE RESISTANCE 51 Resistance to establishment of the pathogen in the host tissue Resistance to the growth & development of the pathogen already establishment in the tissue Ability of a host to perform well

SOURCE OF DISEASE RESISTANCE:

SOURCE OF DISEASE RESISTANCE A known variety- Resistant plants were isolated from commercial varieties in the cases of cabbage yellows in cabbage, curly top in resistant in sugarbeet etc. Germplasm collection- Resiatant to net- bloch in barley, resistant to wilt in watermelon etc. Related species- Parbhani kranti aYVM resistant variety has been developed.in which resistant is transferred from Abelmoschas manihot . Resistant to grassy stunt virus in rice has been transferred from Oryza nivara . 52

CONT . . . .:

CONT . . . . Mutation - Resistant to some disease may be obtained through mutations arising spontaneously or induced. Resistant to victoria blight in Oats was introduced by irradiation with X-ray or thermal neutrons. Somaclonal variations – Ono variety(a somaclone from variety pindar ) of sugarcane is resistant to Fiji disease. Unrelated organism- e.g. coat protein genes of a pathogenic virus,genes for novel phytoalexins . 53

BREEDING METHODS:

BREEDING METHODS SELECTION- Kufri red is a disease resistant selection from Darjeeling red round. Pusa sawani okra variety is a YVM resistant selection from Bihar. Cotton variety MCU-1 was selected from the variety Co-4. INTRODUCTION- Ridley wheat variety introduced from Australia has been useful as a rust resistant variety. Early varieties of groundnut introduced from USA have been resistant to leaf spot( tikka ). 54

CONT . . .:

CONT . . . Hybridization- It is the most common method of breeding for disease resistance. Hybridization serves following two purpose- 1.Transfer of disease resistance from an agronomically undesirable variety to a suseptible but otherwise desirable variety (By back cross method). 2.Combining disease resistance and some other desirable characters of one variety with the superior characteristic of other variety (By pedigree method) 55

CONT . . .:

CONT . . . MUTATION- Varieties resistant to disease are also developed through mutation breeding in some crops. SOMACLONAL- Disease resistance somaclonal varients are also obtained by two ways-(1) Screening (2)Cell selection GENETIC ENGINEERING- VARIATIONS- Genes expected to confer disease resistance are isolated,cloned and transferred into the crop in question. 56

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Thank You THANK YOU 57