?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? :1 ?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? ???st?d????? ???????a? pingouras@hotmail.com


?p?st?µe? :2 ?p?st?µe? F?S???S ? T?????S F?S??? ?????? ??T??????? ?????G?? ?S???????? G?O??G?? ?e?et??? ta f?s??? fa???µe?a, e?e??a p?? d?µ????????ta? µ?sa st? f?s??? pe??ß????? ap? t?? d???? t?? d???µe??. ( ????O????S ? T?O??????S ????O?????G?? ??????G?? ?S????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?e?et??? ta ????????? fa???µe?a e?e??a p?? e?d??????ta? µ?sa st?? ???????a ap? t?? s?µpe??f??? ?a? d??s? t?? a????p??.


Slide 3:3 ??????µ??? ?p?st?µ?: ?e?et? ta ??????µ??? fa???µe?a, ?p?? p.? pa?a?????, ??t?s?? ?a? p??sf????, p??????sµ??, a?e???a?, f???????a? ??p. ??????µ???? e????e?e? ? d?ast????t?te? : ???a? ?? e????e?e? µ?sa se µ?a ???a ??a ?a e?asfa??st??? ta µ?sa ?a? ?a ??a??p??????? ?? a????e? t?? a????p??, ?p?? p.?. pa?a???? a?a???, a????? ?a? p???se??, e?sa????? ?a? e?a????? ??p. ??t??e?µe?? µe??t?? t?? ??????µ???? ep?st?µ?? e??a? ? ??????µ?a, d??ad? ??e? ?? ??????µ???? e????e?e? t?? a????p?? µ?a? ???a? p?? ap?ß??p??? st?? e?asf???s? t?? µ?s?? ??a ??a??p???s? t?? a?a???? t???.


Slide 4:4 S??p?? t?? ??????µ???? ep?st?µ?? e??a? ? ep?staµ??? µe??t? t?? ??????µ???? fa???µ???? ?a? ? d?at?p?s? ?e????? a???? ?a? ??µ??, p?? ?a pe?????f??? ta d??f??a ??????µ??? fa???µe?a ?a? ?a a?t???????? t?? s??se?? p?? ?p?????? µeta?? t?? d?af???? ??????µ???? µe?e???, ?ste ?a d?e????????? ta ?t?µa, t?? ep??e???se??, t??? ??????????? f??e?? ?a? t?? ??ße???se?? ?a pa?????? s?st?? ap?f?se??, ?ste ?a ??s??? ta d??f??a ??????µ??? p??ß??µata p?? t??? apas??????. ?? ??????µ???? ??µ?? d?af????? ap? t??? f?s????? ??µ??? st? ?t? de? ????? t? sta?e??t?ta t?? f?s???? ??µ?? a??? ap?te???? ap??? t?se??, ??at? st??????ta? st?? a????p??? s?µpe??f??? ?a? µetaß?????ta? a?????a µe t?? s?????e? p?? ep???at??? st?? a???? . ( ? t?µ?? ? ? ??t??µe??? p?s?t?ta? - e?? ?µ?? ?p???e? ? µ?s??? t?te de? ?a s?µße? a?t?).


???d?? ??????µ???? ?p?st?µ?? :5 ???d?? ??????µ???? ?p?st?µ?? ???????????µ?a ?s???e?ta? µe ta p??ß??µata t?? ep? µ????? ??????µ???? µ???d??, d??. ?ata?a??t??, ep??e???se??, e??a??µ????, epe?d?t??, ap?taµ?e?t?? ??p. ???t?? – ??? t? ??s??. ( ??aµ??f?s? t?? t?µ?? ???e a?a??? ? s??te?est? t?? pa?a????? ) ?a?????????µ?a ?s???e?ta? µe t? s?µpe??f??? ?a? ta fa???µe?a t?? ??????µ?a? ?? s?????? p.?. s????? t?? ?ata?a??t??, t?? ep??e???se??, t?? d?µ?s??? t?µ?a ??p. ??s?? – ??? t? ???t?? ( ???sd????sµ?? ??????? e?s?d?µat??, p??????sµ??, a?e???a?, s???????? apas????s?? ??p.)


??????µ??? ???ß??µa ?a? ?? ep?pt?se?? t?? :6 ??????µ??? ???ß??µa ?a? ?? ep?pt?se?? t?? ??? ?a µp???s??? ?? ?????p?? ?a ??a??p???s??? t?? ape?????ste? a????e? t??? µe ta pe?????sµ??a µ?sa p?? d?a??t???. ? a?t?a t?? ßas???? ??????µ???? ???ß??µat?? e??a? ? S????????, ? ??????????, ? S????????? t?? pa?a??????? p???? (?daf??, ???as?a, ?ef??a?? ) ??a?t?a? t?? Ste??t?ta? t?? ?a?a??????? S??te?est??, a?a??????ta? ta ?t?µa ?a ?????? ?????G? t?? a?a???? p?? ?a ??a??p???s??? ?a? µ???? p???? ßa?µ?? t?? ???e µ?a. ?p?µ????? p??ß??µata : ?? ?a pa?a??e? ; ( ???a a?a?? ?a? ?p??es?e? ?a? t? p?s?t?te? ) ??? ?a pa?a??e? ; ( ????d?? ?a?a????? p?? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? ) G?a p???? ?a pa?a??e? ; ( ??? ?a d?a?eµ????? sta µ??? t?? ???????a? ) 4. ??te ?a pa?a??e?; ( ?????? ?a?a????? )


Slide 7:7 ???t?µa : St?? p???s?e? ???e? de? ?p???e? ??????µ??? p??ß??µa, e?? st?? ft???? ?p???e?. ???a? ???? ? ?a??asµ???; ?p??t?s?: ? p??tas? e??a? ???T?S????, ??at? ??e? ?? ???e? ????? ??????µ??? p??ß??µa, p???s?e? ?a? ft????. ?µ?? st?? ft???? ???e? t? p??ß??µa ?????a ???eta? ???te?? ?a? ?fe??eta? st??? p?? ??t? ?????? : St? s??e?? ?a? ?a?da?a a???s? t?? p????sµ??. St?? e???t??s? p???? e????e?a? ?a? p??t?? ????. St?? a????st? e?µet???e?s? t?? p???t?pa?a??????? p???? t?? p?a??t?. St?? ???e??? ?efa?a??? ?a? te?????? e??p??sµ?? st?? ft???? ???e?. St?? d?sµe?e?? ep?pt?se?? p?? ??e? p??? st? f?s??? pe??ß????? ? pa?a???? p????? p?????t?? (p.?. µ????s? atµ?sfa??a?, ?a?sa???a, ??pa?s? ?a?ass?? ?p??e??? ?d?t?? ??p).


??????µ??? a??? ? ??????µ??? a???µa :8 ??????µ??? a??? ? ??????µ??? a???µa ???e ??????µ??? e????e?a ? d?ast????t?ta t?? a????p?? p??pe? ?a ap?s??pe? st?? ep?d???? t?? µe?a??te??? d??at?? ap?te??sµat?? µe t?? µ????te?? d??at? ??s?a. ( µ?sa ) Ge???? ???f? = ?e??st?p???s? ?p?te??sµat?? ??a??st?p???s? T?s?a? ?a?a????? = ? t?? ?a?a????? ? ? ???d??? ? ????te? ? ?ef??a?? ?ata?a??t?? = ??a??p???s? pe??ss?t???? a?a???? ??a??st?p???s? T?s?a? ( dap??? )


??d???? ???f?? :9 ??d???? ???f?? 1) ?e ded?µ??a µ?sa ep?d???eta? t? µe?a??te?? d??at? ap?t??esµa (p??ß??µa µe??st?p???s??). ???ß??µa ?e??st?p???s?? = ?e??st?p???s? ?p?te??sµat?? ?ed?µ??a ??sa ?a?a????? = ????s? ?a?a????? ?d?a µ??a??µata, ?d??? e???te? ?ata?a??t?? = ??a??p???s? pe??ss?te??? a?a???? ?ed?µ??? ??s?d?µa (?ed?µ??a ta ???µata t? ???t?? ep?d???e? ?a ?atas?e??se? ? ?a ep?d?????se? pe??ss?te?a ?????µet?a d??µ??).


Slide 10:10 2) ?? ded?µ??? ap?t??esµa ep?d???eta? µe ta ????te?a µ?sa ? ??s?e? (p??ß??µa e?a??st?p???s??). ???ß??µa e?a??st?p???s?? = ?ed?µ??? ?p?t??esµa ??a??st?p???s? T?s?a? ?a?a????? = ?a?a???? ?ed?µ??? ????te?a µ??a??µata, e???te?, p??te? ??e? ?ata?a??t?? = ??a??p???s? ded?µ???? a?a???? ??a??st?p???s? T?s?a? ( dap???? ) (?atas?e?? ded?µ???? ?????µ?t??? d??µ?? µe t?? µ????te?? dap??? ???µ?t??)


????GOG???S ??????????S ??S ?????????S :11 ????GOG???S ??????????S ??S ?????????S ???a a?a?? ?a? ?p??es?e? ?a pa?a????? ???e f??? ?a? se p??e? p?s?t?te?; ? ep????? ???eta? ß?se? t?? p??t?µ?se?? t?? ?ata?a??t??, p??t?te µ?sa sta ???a t?? pa?a??????? d??at?t?t?? t?? ??????µ?a?. ???a t?? pa?a??????? d??at?t?t?? e?????µe ????? t??? d??at??? s??d?asµ??? p?s?t?t?? t?? a?a??? ?a? ?p??es??? p?? µp????? ?a pa?a????? ???e f??? ap? t?? p???? ?a? ap?d?t??? a???p???s? ???? t?? pa?a??????? s??te?est??, t??? ?p????? d?a??te? ? ??????µ?a µe ded?µ??? te???????a.


Slide 12:12 ??a??aµµat??? ta ???a t?? pa?a??????? d??at?t?t?? t?? ??????µ?a? ape????????ta? µe t?? ?aµp??? pa?a??????? d??at?t?t??. G?a t?? ?a????sµ? t?? ????? t?? pa?a??????? d??at?t?t?? p??pe? ?a ?p?????? ?? a??????e? p???p???se??: ? p?s?t?ta t?? pa?a??????? s??te?est?? p?? d?a??te? ? ??????µ?a ?a e??a? ded?µ??? ?a? sta?e??. ? te???????a p?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? st?? pa?a???? ?a e??a? ep?s?? ded?µ???. ?a ???eta? p????? ?a? ap?d?t??? a???p???s? ???? t?? pa?a??????? s??te?est??.


Slide 13:13 ???at?? S??d?asµ?? ???f?µ?? ?a? ???a?e??? S??d?asµ?? ???f?µa ???a?e?a ??st?? ???a???a? ???e ?a?a????? p??s?et?? µ???da? ???f?µa ???a?e?a ? 340 0 80/70=1,14 ----- ? 270 80 60/80=0,75 70/80=0,875 G 190 140 40/90=0,444 80/60=1,33 ? 100 180 20/100=0,20 90/40=2,25 ? 0 200 ------ 100/20=5


Slide 14:14


Slide 15:15 ????? ?? s??d?asµ?? p?? e??a? p??? st?? ?aµp??? pa?a??????? d??at?t?t?? e??a? ?? µ???st?? ( ???st?? ) s??d?asµ?? ?????? ?a? t??f?µ?? p?? µp??e? ?a pa???e? a?t? ? ??????µ?a, ????µ???? ?t? ???? ?? pa?a??????? s??te?est?? ?a? ? te???????a apas??????ta? p????? ?a? ap?d?t???. ???? ?? s??d?asµ?? a??ste?? t?? ?aµp???? e??a? ef??t??, a??? e??a? µe??µ???? pa?a??????? ap?d?s??, d??ad? ?p?????? pa?a??????? s??te?est?? p?? de? apas??????ta? p????? ?a? ap?d?t???.


Slide 16:16 ???? ?? s??d?asµ?? de??? t?? ?aµp???? e??a? a??f??t??, d??. de? µp????? ?a pa?a?????, ??at? de? eµp?pt??? µ?sa st?? pa?a??????? d??at?t?te? t?? ??????µ?a? ???? a?ep???e?a? t?? pa?a??????? s??te?est??. G?a ?a p?a?µat?p??????? p??pe? ?a a??????? ?? pa?a??????? s??te?est?? ? ?a ße?t???e? ? te???????a, µe ap?t??esµa ?a a??????? ?? pa?a??????? d??at?t?te? t?? ??????µ?a? ?a? ?ts? ? ??? ?a µeta?????e? p??? ta de???. ? ep??tas? a?t? ?a?a?t????eta? ?? ??????µ??? µe?????s? ? ??????µ??? a??pt???.


Slide 17:17 (????st??) (????st??) (?f??t??) (???f??t??)


Slide 18:18 ??st?? e??a???a? ? e?a??a?t??? ??st?? e??? a?a??? e??a? ? p?s?t?ta e??? ????? ? ????? a?a??? p?? p??pe? ?a ??s?aste?, ??a ?a pa?a??e? µ?a ep?p???? µ???da t?? a?a??? a?t??. ?? ??st?? e??a???a? a????eta? s??e??? ?a? ?fe??eta? st? ?t? ?? pa?a??????? s??te?est?? de? e??a? ???? e??s?? ?at??????? ??a t?? pa?a???? t?? d?af???? a?a???. ?a??? a????eta? ? pa?a???? e??? a?a???, ap?sp??ta? ap? t?? pa?a???? ????? a?a??? s??te?est?? p?? e??a? ??? ?a? ????te?? ?at??????? ??a t?? pa?a???? t?? p?? p??? a?a???. ?pa?t???ta?, d??ad?, ?????a ?a? pe??ss?te?e? µ???de? ap? ta ???a a?a?? ??a t?? pa?a???? ???e ep?p???? µ???da? t?? s???e???µ???? a?a???, p?? s?µa??e? a??a??µe?? ??st?? e??a???a?.


Slide 19:19 ??st?? e??a???a? p?t?? = p?s?t?ta t??f?µ?? p?? ??s???eta? ep?p???? p?s?t?ta p?t?? ??st?? e??a???a? p?t?? = __________ ??s?a _________ pa?a???? ep?p??s?et?? µ???da?


?????????? ????O?? :20 ?????????? ????O??


Slide 21:21 F??e?? t?? ??????µ???? d?ast????t?ta? µ?a? ???t?? ??????µ?a?: a) ?a ?t?µa ? ?????????? (?ata?a??t??). ß) ?? ep??e???se?? (pa?a?????). ?) ?? ???t?? (d?µ?s??? t?µ?a?). ???te????? t?µ?a? t?? ??????µ?a?: ?s???e?ta? µe t?? e?sa???? – e?a???? pa?a??????? µ?s??, a?a???, ?p??es??? ?a? ?efa?a???.


Slide 22:22 St? ??????µ??? ?????µa ?p?????? d?? a?t??ete? ???????? ???? ( circular flows): µ?a p?a?µat??? ?a? µ?a ???µat???. ??a?µat??? ??? (Real flow): ?? pa?a??????? s??te?est?? d???ete???ta? ap? ta ?????????? (?d???t?te?) d?aµ?s?? t?? a????? t?? pa?a??????? s??te?est?? p??? t?? ep??e???se??, ?p?? µetat??p??ta? se ??????µ??? a?a??, ta ?p??a d?aµ?s?? t?? a????? t?? p?????t?? d???ete???ta? p?s? sta ?????????? ( ?ata?a??t??). ???µat??? ??? (Money flow): Se a?t???a?µa ??a t?? d???es? t?? pa?a??????? s??te?est?? ta ?????????? pa?????? aµ??ß?? ap? t?? ep??e???se??, p?? ap?te???? ta e?s?d?µat? t???. ?a e?s?d?µata a?t? dapa????ta? ??a t?? a???? t?? p?????t?? p?? pa?????ta? ap? t?? ep??e???se??.