Effects of Exposure to Skin, Eyes and Gonads :Effects of Exposure to Skin, Eyes and Gonads Meylen Reyes


Objectives :Objectives Explain local tissue damage to skin Describe the causes of high doses in skin Define Radiation Caractogenesis Discuss how extremely radiosensitive human gonads are Describe the consequences of radiation in males and females Discuss radiation safety


Skin :Skin Early years of Radiology Calloused, discolored, cracking, flaking… Inflammation, erythema and desquamation Epidermis 1-2 days of 100 to 1000 rad mild erythema 2 weeks severe erythema SED High doses Necrosis Atrophy Fibrosis Ulcers Cancer


Skin :Skin Moderate dose Temporary epilation Alopecia Permanent epilation High doses Glandular atrophy Fibrosis Early radiologists Calloused Discolored Cracking Flaking


Eyes :Eyes Radiation cataractogenesis Greater than 700 rads High LET high RBE for cataractogenesis Protective lens provided to patients Protective eyewear worn while working


Gonads :Gonads Males Testes Mature spermatozoa Immature spermatogonia Maturation depletion Temporary or permanent sterility Chromosomal abnormalities Shielded from unnecessary radiation


Gonads :Gonads Females Ova Ovum released during ovulation Temporary or permanent sterility 10 rads can restrain or retard menstruation 500 to 600 rads causes permanent sterility Chromosomal damage Likelihood is minimal Ovaries should be shielded from radiation


Summary :Summary All organs and tissues can be affected by partial body irradiation. Dosages and how the affect the skin, eyes and gonads Early radiologists developed skin problems due to their lack of protection Low chances of sterility because of the shielding and low exposure of patient and workers Skin Erythema Dose (SED) to measure the amount of radiation a person had received Testes in males and ovaries in women are the most radiosensitive


Questions & Answers :Questions & Answers True or False 1. All organs and body tissues can be affected by partial body irradiation. -True 2. SED was used as a measure of the amount of radiation received per generation - False 3. The testes contain the mature spermatogonia, which are nondividing, differentiated and radioresistant. - False 4. Cataractogenesis among today’s radiation personnel is rare. - True 5. The likelihood of female sterility is minimal due to the low doses received by patients and the chronic low doses received by personnel. - True


Questions & Answers :Questions & Answers 6. Within 1-2 days of a single dose of ___ to ___ rad, the skin may exhibit mild erythema. 100 – 1000 7. When exposed to high radiation doses, late changes include: a) atrophy c) cancer b) ulcers d) all of the above 8. An acute dose of approximately ___ to ___ rads will cause permanent sterility. a) 200 to 300 rads c) 500 to 600 rads b) 400 to 500 rads d) 100 to 1000 rads 9. The early radiologists developed hands and forearms that were: ____________. calloused, discolored, cracking or flaking. 10. A dose of ____ rads can restrain and retard menstruation. 10


References :References Christian, . Waterstram-Rich, Paul E. Kristen M (2007). Nuclear Medicine and Pet/CT . St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier. Davis, Bernard E Textbook of Microbiology. NY: Hoeber Medical DivisionHarper & Row Publishers. Singer, Underwood, Charles Joseph, Edgar Ashworth (1962). A Short History of Medicine. NY, and Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.