Four Primary Types of Ionizing Radiation:Alpha Particles :Alpha Particles: 2 neutrons and 2 protons They travel short distances, have large mass Only a hazard when inhaled Four Primary Types of Ionizing Radiation:Alpha Particles


Four Primary Types of Ionizing Radiation:Beta Particles :Four Primary Types of Ionizing Radiation:Beta Particles Beta Particles: Electrons or positrons having small mass and variable energy. Electrons form when a neutron transforms into a proton and an electron or:


Four Primary Types of Ionizing Radiation:Gamma Rays :Four Primary Types of Ionizing Radiation:Gamma Rays Gamma Rays (or photons): Result when the nucleus releases Energy, usually after an alpha, beta or positron transition


Four Primary Types of Ionizing Radiation:X-Rays :Four Primary Types of Ionizing Radiation:X-Rays X-Rays: Occur whenever an inner shell orbital electron is removed and rearrangement of the atomic electrons results with the release of the elements characteristic X-Ray energy


Four Primary Types of Ionizing Radiation:Neutrons :Four Primary Types of Ionizing Radiation:Neutrons Neutrons: Have the same mass as protons but are uncharged They behave like bowling balls


Four Primary Types of Ionizing Radiation :Four Primary Types of Ionizing Radiation Alpha particles Beta particles Gamma rays (or photons) X-Rays (or photons) Neutrons


RADIATION FUNDAMENTALS ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE :RADIATION FUNDAMENTALS ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Bureau of Radiation Control


Radioactivity: Elements & Atoms :Radioactivity: Elements & Atoms Atoms are composed of smaller particles referred to as: Protons Neutrons Electrons


Ionization :Ionization Ionizing radiation is produced by unstable atoms. Unstable atoms differ from stable atoms because they have an excess of energy or mass or both. Unstable atoms are said to be radioactive. In order to reach stability, these atoms give off, or emit, the excess energy or mass. These emissions are called radiation.


Types or Products of Ionizing Radiation :Types or Products of Ionizing Radiation   or X-ray neutron


Slide 11:Radioactive Atom X-ray gamma ray


Slide 12:Radioactive Atom X-ray gamma ray


Direct Ionization Caused By: :Direct Ionization Caused By: Protons Alpha Particles Beta Particles Positron Particles


Indirect Ionization Caused By: :Indirect Ionization Caused By: Neutrons Gamma Rays X-Rays


DNA and Radiation :DNA and Radiation


Ionizing Radiation at the Cellular Level :Ionizing Radiation at the Cellular Level Causes breaks in one or both DNA strands or; Causes Free Radical formation


Commonly Transported Radioisotopes :Commonly Transported Radioisotopes Americium-241= Diagnose thyroid disorders, smoke detectors. Cesium-137= Cancer treatment. Iodine-125,131= Diagnosis & treatment liver, kidney,heart, lung and brain. Technetium-99m=Bone and brain imaging; thyroid and liver studies; localization of brain tumors.


Radiation Measurement :Radiation Measurement Terminology: Exposure rate = amount radiation possible to receive per unit time. Dose = total amount of radiation received.


Radiation and Radioactivity: Units and Quantities :Radiation and Radioactivity: Units and Quantities Department of Health Bureau of Radiation Control


Introduction :Introduction Quantities (mass, volume, time, etc.) vs. Units (grams, gallons, hours) Units of exposure, radioactivity, and energy associated with ionizing radioactivity As hours and minutes are to time ...


Objectives :Objectives Define ROENTGEN, RAD, REM, CURIE, GRAY, SIEVERT, BECQUEREL. SI units vs. Standard English units Discuss the use and conversion of unit prefixes Transform units using “unit analysis”


Background :Background Early risk associated with use of ionizing radiation skin erythema dose - 25yrs 1928 - ROENTGEN introduced by ICRP


Roentgen :Roentgen


Roentgen :Roentgen Pronounced rent’gen with a hard “g” Limitations only applies to photons only applies in air only applies to energies less than 3 MeV Named after Wilhelm C. Roentgen (thus the abbr... is capital “R”)


rad :rad


rad :rad 1 rad = 1 Roentgen


rem :rem


rem :rem The unit of dose equivalent for any type of ionizing radiation absorbed by body tissue in terms of estimated biological effect - Unit of dose equivalent Dose in health record is in units of rem 1 rem = 1 Roentgen Roentgen Equivalent Man


Quality Factor (Q) :Quality Factor (Q) The specific value that accounts for the ability of different types of ionizing radiation to cause varying degrees of biological damage X-rays, gamma rays, & beta particles 1 Neutrons & High energy protons 10 Alpha Particles 20


Curie (Ci) :Curie (Ci) Radiation hazard does not solely depend on the activity. It also depends on the type of decay (alpha, beta, photon, etc.) Named in honor of Pierre Curie


SI Radiation Protection Units :SI Radiation Protection Units Becquerel (Bq) for Curie 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq Gray (Gy) for rad 1 Gy = 100 rad Sievert (Sv) for rem 1 Sv = 100 rem


Unit Analysis :Unit Analysis BASE UNIT CONVERSION TABLE Unit Unit Conversion 1 Bq 2.7 x 10-11 Ci 1 Ci 3.7 x 1010 Bq 1 Bq 1 dis/sec 1 dis/sec 2.7 x 10-11 Ci 1 Ci 3.7 x 1010 dis/sec


Unit Analysis (Con’t.) :Unit Analysis (Con’t.) BASE UNIT CONVERSION TABLE Unit Unit Conversion 1 rem 0.01 Sv 1 Sv 100 rem 1 rad 0.01 Gy 1 Gy 100 rad 1 R 2.58 x 10-4 C/kg 1 meter 3.28 ft (39.37in)


Summary :Summary Radiation Protection unit definitions (including SI units) Unit Prefixes Unit conversions


Old Terms :Old Terms Roentgen-Based on the quantity of electrical charges produced in air by X or Gamma photons 1R=2 billion pr RAD-Radiation Absorbed Dose is the work energy resulting from the absorption of one ROENTGEN or 6.24 E5 Mev


More Old Terms :More Old Terms REM- Roentgen Equivalent Mammal is equal to the absorbed does in RADS multiplied by a quality factor Quality Factors Beta = 1 Gamma & X ray photons = 1 Alpha = 10 Neutrons = 20


New Terms sort of :New Terms sort of International Units have replaced the RAD and REM GRAY (Gy) = 100 RAD SIEVERT (Sv) = 100 REM Same Quality Factors apply to the Sv


Units of Radioactivity :Units of Radioactivity Curie (Ci) = 2.22 E12 dpm or 3.7E10 dps Becquerel (Bq) = 1 dps Maximum Dose/year = 5 REM or 50 mSv Maximum Dose/year for Declared Pregnant Woman & Minors= 0.5 REM or 5 mSv


Half Life Calculation :Half Life Calculation


Annual Dose Limits :Annual Dose Limits External/Internal Exposure Limits for Occupationally Exposed Individuals *Effective dose equivalent


Dose Response Relationships :Dose Response Relationships 0-150 rem—No or minimal symptoms 150-400 rem—Moderate to severe illness 400-800 rem—Severe illness deaths start above 500 rem Above 800 rem—Fatal ***Acute whole body doses


Your Annual Exposure :Your Annual Exposure


Estimated Exposure To The National Population :Estimated Exposure To The National Population Between 320 – 360 mr/yr


Another Look at Sources :Another Look at Sources


Some Exposure Limits :Some Exposure Limits 2 mr/hr Dose rate to public / Federal 500 mr Emergency responder limit / State/BRC 5 r/yr Occupational /Federal 5 r/hr Turn back value / State/BRC 10 r Property / Federal 25 r Life saving / Federal >25r Volunteers only / Federal Ref - 10CFR PART 20, EPA 400, FL-SOP


Security :Security All Radioactive Materials must be secured or under direct supervision at all times There MUST be someone in the room at all times OR the door must be locked.


Spill Response :Spill Response On Skin—flush completely On Clothing—remove If Injury—administer first aid Radioactive Gas Release—vacate area, shut off fans, post warning Monitor all persons and define the area of contamination


ALARA :ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable—means making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to radiation as far below the dose limits as is practicable consistent with the purpose for which the licensed activity is undertaken, taking into account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, and other societal and socioeconomic considerations, and in relation to utilization of nuclear energy and licensed materials in the public interest.


Radiation Protection :Radiation Protection Decrease Time Increase Distance Increase Shielding