Origins of Nuclear Medicine Timeline :Origins of Nuclear Medicine Timeline NMT 1002


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :NMT 1002 Origins of Nuclear Medicine 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovers x-rays 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered mysterious "rays" from uranium. 1897 Marie Curie named the mysterious rays "radioactivity." 1901 Henri Alexandre Danlos and Eugene Bloch placed radium in contact with a tuberculous skin lesion.


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :NMT 1002 1903 Alexander Graham Bell suggested placing sources containing radium in or near tumors. 1913 Frederick Proescher published the first study on the intravenous injection of radium for therapy of various diseases. 1924 Georg de Hevesy, J.A. Christiansen and Sven Lomholt performed the first radiotracer (lead-210 and bismuth-210) studies in animals. Origins of Nuclear Medicine


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :NMT 1002 1936 John H. Lawrence, the brother of Ernest, made the first clinical therapeutic application of an artificial radionuclide when he used phosphorus-32 to treat leukemia. 1942 Enrico Fermi and his associates demonstrated the first controlled chain reaction under the bleachers at Stagg Field at the University of Chicago. Origins of Nuclear Medicine


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :NMT 1002 1951 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved sodium iodide 1-131 for use with thyroid patients. It was the first FDA-approved radiopharmaceutical. 1951 Benedict Cassen, Lawrence Curtis, Clifton Reed and Raymond Libby automated a scintillation detector to "scan" the distribution of radioiodine within the thyroid gland. Origins of Nuclear Medicine


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :NMT 1002 1957 W.D. Tucker's group at the Brookhaven National Laboratory invented the iodine-132 and technetium-99m generator, making these short-lived radionuclides available at distant sites from the production of the parent radionuclides. 1958 Hal Anger invented the "scintillation camera," an imaging device that made it possible to conduct dynamic studies. Origins of Nuclear Medicine


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :NMT 1002 1959 Berson and Yalow invented the technique of radioimmunoassay to detect insulin antibodies in human serum. 1959 Picker X-Ray Company delivered the first 3-inch rectilinear scanner. 1960 Louis G. Stang, Jr., and Powell (Jim) Richards advertised technetium-99m and other generators for sale by Brookhaven National Laboratory. Technetium-99m had not yet been used in nuclear medicine Origins of Nuclear Medicine


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :NMT 1002 1961 Allis-Chalmers installed the first U.S. "medical center" cyclotron at Washington University Medical School. The cyclotron was designed by M.M. Ter-Pogossian. 1962 David Kuhl introduced emission reconstruction tomography. This method later became known as SPECT and PET. It was extended in radiology to transmission X-ray scanning, known as CT. Origins of Nuclear Medicine


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :NMT 1002 1962 John Kuranz, Nuclear Chicago, delivered the first commercial Anger camera to William Myers at Ohio State University. 1963 Henry Wagner first used radiolabeled albumin aggregates for imaging lung perfusion in normal persons and patients with pulmonary embolism. 1964 Paul Harper and Katherine Lathrup developed radiotracers labeled with Tc-99m for the study of brain, thyroid and liver. Origins of Nuclear Medicine


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :NMT 1002 1970 W. Eckelman and P. Richards developed Tc-99m "instant kit" radiopharmaceuticals. The first one was Tc-99m-DTPA. 1971 The American Medical Association officially recognized nuclear medicine as a medical speciality. 1973 H. William Strauss introduced the exercise stress-test myocardial scan. 1973 Elliot Lebowitz introduced thallium-201 for myocardial perfusion imaging, first proposed by Kawana. Origins of Nuclear Medicine


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :NMT 1002 1976 John Keyes developed the first general purpose single photo emission computed tomography (SPECT) camera. Ronald Jaszczak developed the first dedicated head SPECT camera. 1977 The FDA required manufacturers to obtain an approved new drug application for new and existing radiopharmaceuticals. The requirements are essentially the same as those for other prescription drugs. Origins of Nuclear Medicine


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :NMT 1002 1983 Henry Wagner carried out the first successful PET imaging of a neuroreceptor using himself as the experimental subject. 1990 Loyola University Nuclear Information System (LUNIS), the first educational worldwide interactive computer network for nuclear medicine, went on line. 1995 ADAC Laboratories shipped the first SPECT camera to offer coincidence detection capable of FDG/PET imaging. Origins of Nuclear Medicine


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :NMT 1002 1999 Sentinel node studies approved by HCFA for improved diagnosis and management of cancers. 2000 Time Magazine recognizes Siemens Biograph as the invention of the year. 2001 16.9 million nuclear medicine procedures were performed in the United States. Origins of Nuclear Medicine


What is Nuclear Medicine? :NMT 1002 What is Nuclear Medicine? Nuclear Medicine combines the sciences of chemistry, physics, mathematics, medicine and computer technology to provide information about the function and basic structure of an organ


What are the responsibilities? :NMT 1002 What are the responsibilities? NMT nuclear medicine technology is responsible for administration of radioactive pharmaceuticals in diagnosis, treatment, and investigation of human disease. NMT nuclear medicine technologist is a health care professional with specialized training in preparation, administration, safe handling, and storage of radioactive materials.


What is Nuclear Medicine? :NMT 1002 What is Nuclear Medicine? Use of painless, safe and cost effective techniques to image the body and treat disease Provides information for both structure and function Uses of small amount of radioactive materials (radiopharmaceuticals) to diagnose and treat disease.


How does Nuclear Medicine work??? :NMT 1002 How does Nuclear Medicine work??? Radiopharmaceuticals go directly to part of body being imaged (hence the name Nuclear Medicine) Imaging: radiopharmaceuticals detected by special types of cameras (Anger, gamma or scintillation cameras) Computers provide precise images of area of body imaged.


What are the Risk?? :NMT 1002 What are the Risk?? Amount of radiation is equivalent to a diagnostic X-ray Amount received for treatment is keep within safe levels. Radiation is in our daily lives (cosmic, natural, man-made)


Common Imaging Terminology :NMT 1002 Common Imaging Terminology Planar: provides 2 dimensional view of organ being imaged SPECT: (single photon emitted computed tomography) provides 3 dimensional view of organ being imaged Tomography: “to cut in sections” images cut section of object Radiopharmaceutical: tagged compound necessary to produce images.


Common Imaging Terminology :NMT 1002 Common Imaging Terminology Gamma camera: instrument used to produce nuclear medicine images. PET: (positron emission tomography) produces high energy 3 dimensional image


Practitioner Certification :NMT 1002 Practitioner Certification Registry exams American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) credential is RT(N) Nuclear Medicine Technologist Certification Board (NMTCB) credential is CNMT


About Certification :NMT 1002 About Certification Extremely important but … In states without licensure anyone can be an NMT Licensure versus certification Most facilities require certification


Professional Organizations :NMT 1002 Professional Organizations Represent practitioners to government and other entities Conferences and journals disseminate new information Monitor and lead the profession We comprise this group


Our Organizations :NMT 1002 Our Organizations The Society of Nuclear Medicine physicians, scientists and technologist American Society of Radiologic Technologists technologists in all imaging professions


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :NMT 1002 Origins of Nuclear Medicine Any Questions ?