WW-Revolutions of 1820s, 30s, 40s

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Slide 1:

Challengesto the“Concert” System:The 1820s-1830 Revolutions

Slide 2:

An Evaluation of the Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna was criticized for ignoring the liberal & nationalist aspirations of so many peoples. The leading statesmen at Vienna underestimated the new nationalism and liberalism generated by the French Revolution. Not until the unification of Germany in 1870-71 was the balance of power upset. Not until World War I did Europe have another general war.

Slide 3:

The “Concert” of Europe System Established The principle of collective security was established. The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle [1816] The Congress of Troppau [1820] The Congress of Laibach [1821] The Congress of Verona [1822] Their goal was to define and monitor the status quo.

Slide 4:

19c Conservatism Conservatism arose in reaction to liberalism & became a popular alternative for those who were frightened by the violence unleashed by the French Revolution. Early conservatism was allied to the restored monarchical governments of Austria, Prussia, France, and England. Support for conservatism: Came from the traditional ruling class. Also supported by the peasants. Supported by Romantic writers, conservatives believed in order, society and the state, faith, and tradition.

Slide 5:

Characteristics of Conservatism Conservatives viewed history as a steady continuum Stability & longevity, not progress and change, mark a good society The only legitimate sources of political authority were God and history. They rejected the “social contract” theory. Conservatives believed that self-interests do not lead to social harmony, but to social conflict. Denounced individualism and natural rights. To conservatives, society was hierarchical.

Slide 6:

Revolutionary Movements in the Early 19c

Slide 7:

Greek Revolution - 1821

Revolution in Greece :

Revolution in Greece Greeks rebelled against the Ottomans Viewed as a religious war with an oppressed Christian minority fighting valiantly against tyrannical Muslims Britain, France, Russia intervened on side of Greeks—independence gained in 1829

Slide 9:

Lord Byron – Martyr in Greece

Slide 10:

The Decembrist Uprising - 1825

The Essential Issues in this Russian Revolt :

The Essential Issues in this Russian Revolt Who should rule after Czar Alexander I? Nicholas (a reactionary and designated heir) or Constantine (more liberal)? Russian liberals (influenced by Napoleon’s ideas) wanted Constantine; Moscow regiment refused oath to Nicholas

Slide 12:

The Decembrist Uprising - 1825 Nicholas I Nicholas ordered the cavalry and artillery to attack the insurgents. Over 60 were killed. 5 plotters were executed. Over 100 insurgents were exiled to Siberia. Decembrists became martyrs for Russian liberals

Slide 13:

The 1830 Revolutions

Slide 14:

France: The “Restoration” Era (1815-1830) France emerged from the chaos of its revolutionary period as the most liberal large state in Europe. Louis XVIII governed France as a Constitutional monarch. He agreed to observe the 1814 “Charter” or Constitution of the Restoration period. Limited royal power. Granted legislative power. Protected civil rights. Upheld the Napoleon Code. Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)

Slide 15:

The “Ultras” France was divided by those who had accepted the ideals of the Fr. Revolution and those who didn’t. The Count of Artois was the leader of the “Ultra-Royalists” 1815? “White Terror” Royalist mobs killed 1000s of former revolutionaries. 1816 elections The Ultras were rejected in the Chamber of Deputies election in favor of a moderate royalist majority dependent on middle class support. The Count of Artois,the future King Charles X (r. 1824-1830)

Slide 16:

France: Conservative Backlash 1820?the Duke of Berri, son of Artois, was murdered. Royalists blamed the left. Louis XVIII moved the govt. more to the right Changes in electoral laws narrowed the eligible voters. Censorship imposed Liberals were driven out of legal political life and into illegal activities. 1823? triumph of reactionary forces! Fr troops were authorized by the Concert of Europe to crush the Spanish Revolution and restore another Bourbon ruler, Ferdinand VII, to the throne there.

Slide 17:

King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830) His Goals: Lessen the influence of the middle class. Limit the right to vote. Put the clergy back in charge of education. Us public money to pay nobles for the loss of their lands during the Fr Revolution. His Program: Attack the 1814 Charter. Control the press. Dismiss the Chamber of Deputies when it turned against him. Appointed an ultra-reactionary as his first minister.

Slide 18:

1830 Election brought in another liberal majority. July Ordinances He dissolved the entire parliament. Strict censorship imposed. Changed the voting laws so that the government in the future could be assured of a conservative victory. King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)

Slide 19:

To the Barricades ? Revolution, Again!! Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic!

Slide 20:

Louis Philippe ? The “Citizen King” The Duke of Orleans. Relative of the Bourbons, but had stayed clear of the Ultras. Lead a thoroughly bourgeois life. His Program: Property qualifications reduced enough to double eligible voters. Press censorship abolished. The King ruled by the will of the people, not by the will of God. The Fr Revolution’s tricolor replaced the Bourbon flag. The government was now under the control of the wealthy middle class. (r. 1830-1848)

Slide 21:

Louis Philippe ? The “Citizen King” His government ignored the needs and demands of the workers in the cities. They were seen as another nuisance and source of possible disorder. July, 1832 ? an uprising in Paris was put down by force and 800 were killed or wounded. 1834 ? Silk workers strike in Lyon was crushed. Seething underclass. Was seen as a violation of the status quo set down at the Congress of Vienna. A caricature ofLouis Philippe

Slide 22:

Belgian Independence, 1830 The first to follow the lead of France. Its union with Holland after the Congress of Vienna had not proved successful. Wide cultural differences: North ? Dutch ? Protestant ? seafarers and traders. South ? French ? Catholic ? farmers and individual workers.

Slide 23:

Belgian Revolution – 1830 The Result: Independence

Slide 24:

Other Revolutions of 1830: Failures

Slide 25:

A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830 Poland: the bloodiest struggle of the 1830 revolutions. The Poles had a special status in the Russian Empire after Congress of Vienna Had own constitution/ruled separately Some autonomy After Tsar Alexander I died, Czar Nicholas proved less tolerant of this autonomy Rumors reached Poland that Nicholas I was planning to use Polish troops to put down the revolutions in France and Belgium. Several nationalistic Polish secret societies rebelled.

Slide 26:

A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830 Had Poles been united, revolt might have been successful. But, revolutionaries were split: moderates versus radical republicans Even so, it took the Russian army a year to suppress this rebellion. The irony ? by drawing the Russian army to Warsaw for almost a year, the Poles may well have kept Nicholas I from answering Holland’s call for help in suppressing the Belgian Revolt.

Slide 27:

Unfinished Business of the 1830 Revolutions Liberalism and Nationalism continued to challenge the conservative plan for European peace and law and order. The successful revolutions had benefited the middle class ? the workers, who had done so much of the rioting and fighting, were left with empty hands Therefore, these revolutions left much unfinished & a seething, unsatisfied, and GROWING working class.

Slide 28:

Louis Philippe 1843

French Revolution 1848 :

French Revolution 1848 Working class & liberalsunhappy with King Louis Philippe, esp. with his minister, Francois Guizot [who opposed electoral reform]. Reform Banquets used to protest against the King. Paris Banquet banned. Troops opened fire on peaceful protestors. Barricades erected; looting. National Guard defected to the radicals. King Louis Philippe lost control of Paris and abdicated on February 24.

Increased tensions in French Society by 1848 :

Increased tensions in French Society by 1848 Middle class liberals who believed in the right to vote, to free speech, to property, to education Social Democrats/Socialists who believed in universal suffrage, the right to work, the right to fair wages, and innovations like Louis Blanc’s National Workshops

April Elections for New Government :

April Elections for New Government Resulted in a conservative majority in the National Assembly. They began debating the fate of social program that had been established, like the National Workshops] The conservative majority wanted the removal of radicals like Louis Blanc from the government. In early June, the National Workshops were shut down.

“The June Days”-1848 :

“The June Days”-1848 Worker groups in Paris rose up in insurrection. They said that the government had betrayed the revolution. Workers wanted a redistribution of wealth. Barricades in the streets. Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables was based on this event. A new liberal-conservative coalition formed to oppose this lower class radicalism.

The 2nd French Republic (1848-1852) :

The Military assumed dictatorial powers & crushed the revolt. -10,000 dead. A victory for conservatives. Nov., 1848 ? a new constitution provided for: An elected President. A one-house legislature. The 2nd French Republic (1848-1852) The RepublicbyJean-Leon Gerome

President Louis Napoleon :

President Louis Napoleon The December election: The “law and order” candidate,Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,defeated the military candidate This was a big shift in middleclass opinion to the right The New President: Purged the govt. of all radical officials. Replaced them with ultra-conservative and monarchists. Disbanded the National Assembly and held new elections. Represented himself as a “Man of the People.” His government regularly used forced against dissenters.