Computer Hardware

COMPUTER HARDWARE : 

COMPUTER HARDWARE

BASIC TERMS : 

BASIC TERMS Hardware CPU Peripheral Input Storage device Hard drive Floppy drive Flash drive, Jump drive, etc. – Plugs into a USB port and provides from 64 MB to 32 GB of storage Optical drive – includes CD and DVD drives Memory cards and memory card readers – Compact Flash (Types I and II), SmartMedia, Memory Stick and Memory Stick Pro, xD-Picture Card, Secure Digital, MultiMedia – Up to 8-16 GB of storage Most MP3 players Tape drive (several varieties) ZIP drive

BASIC TERMS (continued): 

BASIC TERMS (continued) Bytes Byte – Stores the equivalent of one character. Kilobyte (1 KB) – 1,024 bytes. Megabyte (1 MB) – 1,048,576 bytes. Gigabyte (1 GB) – 1,073,741,824 bytes. Terabyte (1 TB) – 1,099,511,624,776 bytes.

Types of Computers : 

Types of Computers Microcomputer – PC and Apple Macintosh Mainframe Supercomputer

Components of a Typical PC (Continued): 

Components of a Typical PC (Continued) Computer Case (see Figure 1): Monitor (sometimes referred to as the screen) Speakers Keyboard Mouse Modem

Computer Case (see Figure 1): 

Computer Case (see Figure 1) System board – Usually referred to as a mainboard or motherboard Power supply – Converts AC to DC for components within case – Power supply averages between 200 and 400 watts. Fan inside power supply prevents overheating. Storage controllers , of IDE, SCSI or other type, that control hard disk(s), floppy disk, Optical disk(s), and other drives. The controllers either are built into the mainboard or are on expansion cards Interface controllers (parallel, serial, USB, Firewire) that connect the computer to external peripheral devices such as printers, scanners, and USB Jump/Flash/Travel drives.Expansion Board – Video (graphics) board, sound card, internal modem

Computer Case (see Figure 1): 

Computer Case (see Figure 1) CPU (microprocessor) RAM – SDRAM or Rambus memory modules Internal drives: Hard drive – 5 ¼” or 3 ½” Optical drive – CD+-R (i.e., CD-ROM), CD-RW, DVD+-(i.e., DVD-ROM), DVD-RW, or combination CD/DVD drive Floppy drive – 3 ½”

Figure 11 Computer Case (Open & Empty): 

Figure 11 Computer Case (Open & Empty)

Figure 9 & Figure 10 Computer Case Front & Rear: 

Figure 9 & Figure 10 Computer Case Front & Rear

Slide 12: 

Tower CPU RAM BUS Hard Drive Floppy CD Drive Drive Ports printer mouse Monitor keyboard Peripheral devices

Figure 1 Inside a Computer Case (Inside the Box): 

Figure 1 Inside a Computer Case (Inside the Box)

Slide 14: 

14

Inside the System Unit: 

15 Inside the System Unit

Hardware Components on the System Board (See Figures 2 and 3): 

Hardware Components on the System Board (See Figures 2 and 3) CPU (see CPU chip in Figure 15) and CPU Slot (see installation of CPU in slot in Figure 6) Chipset DIMM (or RIMM) memory module slots (see Figures 7 and 8) DIMM is an acronym for dual in-line memory module RIMM is an acronym for Rambus inline memory module PCI expansion board slots AGP graphics board slot IDE – Two hard disk drive connectors FDD – Floppy disk drive connector

Slide 17: 

System Board Components

Figure 2 VIA P4PB 400 MAINBOARD : 

Figure 2 VIA P4PB 400 MAINBOARD

Slide 19: 

19

Slide 21: 

Figure 5-1 An ATX motherboard with PCI Express and Socket 775

The Bus: 

CS1BA3-L5 22 The Bus

Figure 3 VIA P4PB 400 MAINBOARD (Layout): 

Figure 3 VIA P4PB 400 MAINBOARD (Layout)

Motherboard: 

Motherboard Motherboard is the main part of System Unit, all peripherals (devices) are connected on motherboard. Its function is to coordinate all components of computer.

Hardware Components on the System Board (continued): 

Hardware Components on the System Board (continued) Connectors and ports (see Figures 3 and 4): Mouse connector ( green ) Keyboard connector (purple) Network port – frequently called an ethernet port, ethernet 10/100 connector, or RJ45 connector – The network or ethernet port is used for connection to a Local Area Network (LAN) or a cable modem.

: 

USB port connectors – For connecting many devices such as printers, digital cameras, digital video cameras, scanners, flash and jump drives, ZIP drives, external CD and DVD drives, etc. Parallel port connector – Primarily for connecting a printer to a computer (obsolete)

Slide 27: 

Serial port connectors (obsolete) Video port connector – May be on an expansion board Game connector Audio port connectors (3) – Line-out, line-in, and Mic-in

Figure 4 VIA P4PB 400 MAINBOARD (Back Panel): 

Figure 4 VIA P4PB 400 MAINBOARD (Back Panel ) Figure 5 VIA P4PB 400 MAINBOARD (Back Panel Layout)

Figure 6 Installation of CPU in CPU Slot of Motherboard: 

Figure 6 Installation of CPU in CPU Slot of Motherboard

Slide 30: 

30 Processor Socket processor Socket is used to connect processor with mother board

Types of Microprocessors: 

Types of Microprocessors Intel Pentium Celeron Xeon and Itanium Intel-compatible Cyrix AMD

Slide 32: 

INTEL AMD TRANSMETA MOTOROLA

Slide 33: 

INTEL

Slide 34: 

AMD

Slide 35: 

TRANSMETA

Slide 36: 

MOTOROLA & IBM

Inside the System Unit: 

CS1BA3-L5 37 Inside the System Unit

Figure 15 Top and Bottom Views of Core 2 Quad Microprocessor: 

Figure 15 Top and Bottom Views of Core 2 Quad Microprocessor

Figure 16 Top and Bottom Views of Phenom 9600 CPU (a Quad-Core Microprocessor): 

Figure 16 Top and Bottom Views of Phenom 9600 CPU (a Quad-Core Microprocessor)

CPU - Intel: 

CPU - Intel Core 2 Quad – Quad-core processors that incorporate four processors and four L2 memory caches into one piece of silicon (i.e., a single chip, functioning, in theory, like four separate CPUs (central processing units). Core 2 – Dual-core processors that incorporate two processors and two L2 memory caches or four processors and four L2 memory caches into one piece of silicon functioning, in theory, like two or four separate CPUs. (A dual-core CPU combines two independent processors and their respective caches and cache controllers onto a single silicon chip )

Slide 41: 

Dual-Core Advantages Less Power Less Space Better Performance Dual-Core Disadvantages Require Different OS Scalability more limited Lower production yields

Slide 42: 

Pentium M – For notebook computers: Up to 2.26 GHz Latest CPU architecture for notebook computers and component of Intel’s Centrino™ Mobile Technology Pentium IV – Single chip version now obsolete. Celeron (crippled version of Pentium II) – Up to 3.46. GHz P4 – For network servers

CPU - AMD: 

CPU - AMD Phenom 9600 – Quad-core processor - Up to 2.3 GHz Athlon 64 X2 – Up to 3.0 GHz - Dual-core processors that incorporate two processors and two L2 memory caches and are aimed at users running software that's designed to take advantage of the two cores and users performing multiple tasks simultaneously.

Slide 44: 

Athlon 64 – 64-bit processor – Up to 2.4 GHz Mobile Athlon 64 – 64-bit processor for notebook computers Sempron – Budget line of AMD microprocessors to compete with Intel Celeron Opteron – For network servers – Up to 2.6 GHz

CPU Clock Speed and Power : 

CPU Clock Speed and Power MHz and GHz – A microprocessor’s (CPU) or component’s clock speed: Mhz – An abbreviation for m ega h ert z . One MHz represents one million cycles per second. GHz – An abbreviation for g iga h ert z . One GHz represents one billion cycles per second. The speed of CPUs, called the clock speed, is measured in gigahertz and megahertz. For example, a CPU that runs at 3.2 GHz executes 3.2 billion cycles per second. Each computer instruction requires a fixed number of cycles, so the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the CPU can execute. To a large degree, this controls how powerful the CPU and hence a PC is. Clock speeds of different CPUs can only be compared within a specific architecture of CPUs.

Slide 46: 

Another chief factor in determining a CPU's power is its data width (that is, how many bits it can manipulate at one time). For example, a 64-bit CPU is more powerful than a 32-bit CPU.

Multiple processors and Multiprocessing: 

Multiple processors and Multiprocessing As noted in the material on Computer Software , the ability to process instructions simultaneously on multiple processors is referred to as multiprocessing. Windows 2000, Windows XP Professional, and Windows Vista support the processing of instructions on two or four processors simultaneously, whether the two processors are on separate chips or on a single chip like the Intel or AMD Core 2 Duo or Quad-Core microprocessors.

Slide 48: 

Dual-core and Quad-core microprocessors perform like two or four processors, each of which can run instructions in parallel, independent of the other, and each of which can access system resources independently. By multiplying the number of cores in a microprocessor, Intel and AMD dramatically increase a PC's capabilities and computing power. However, these processors are still single microprocessors according to most definitions, which view a microprocessor as a single chip that fits into a single socket

Computer Cases : 

Computer Cases Tower case – Minitower, Midtower, Full tower (see Figures 9 through 11) Power supply 5 ¼” and 3 ½” drive bays (one or more of which may be internal only) Slots (openings) for PCI and AGP expansion boards Openings for mainboard’s ports and connectors Cooling fans Desktop Notebook (portable)

Expansion Boards – Enable Upgrading or Expansion of a Computer’s Capabilities: 

Expansion Boards – Enable Upgrading or Expansion of a Computer’s Capabilities Expansion boards are printed circuit boards that you can insert into a computer’s expansion slot to allow you to upgrade or expand the capabilities of a computer. Type of expansion boards include: Video adapter – Called a graphics board (see Figures 12 through 14) Sound card Modem (internal modem) Network interface board – This capability may be built into the mainboard. If so, it is used in lieu of a network expansion board for connection to a Local Area Network (LAN) or a cable modem.

Graphics Board: 

Graphics Board Not all computers have a graphics board. Sometimes the graphics capability is built into the motherboard. Can include its own processor. Can include its own memory of 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256, 512, or 640 MB or 1 GB of RAM. If it does not include its own memory, then it shares RAM on the motherboard with the CPU. AGP (Accelerated graphics port) graphics board – Displays 3D images faster PCI Express – Displays images even faster than AGP

Figure 12 Video Graphics Board: 

Figure 12 Video Graphics Board

Figure 13 Video Graphics Board: 

Figure 13 Video Graphics Board

Figure 14 Video Graphics Board Connectors: 

Figure 14 Video Graphics Board Connectors

Memory : 

Memory Types: RAM ROM – Read-only RAM (Random Access Memory) Size For Core 2 Quad computers, 2 GB to 8GB, depending upon the motherboard. For use with Windows XP – Preferably 512MB For use with Windows Vista – Preferable 2 to 4 GB Virtual memory – Computer uses part of hard drive when it runs out of RAM memory

Figure 7 Memory Chip: 

Figure 7 Memory Chip

Figure 8 DIMM Memory Module: 

Figure 8 DIMM Memory Module

Types of RAM : 

Types of RAM SDRAM :– S ynchronous D ynamic R andom A ccess M emory – 200 MHz. DDR SDRAM – Double-Data-Rate SDRAM – Effectively doubles the speed of SDRAM up to 400 MHz.

Slide 59: 

DDR2 SDRAM – high-performance DDR SDRAM memory. As compared with its predecessor, DDR-SDRAM, DDR2-SDRAM offers greater density in a smaller package along with a reduction in power consumption. In addition DDR2-SDRAM offers new features and functions that enable higher a clock speed of 533 MHz, 667, 800 MHz, and above. DDR2-SDRAM memory is not compatible with current DDR-SDRAM memory slots.

Slide 60: 

RDRAM – Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory – a type of memory ( DRAM ) developed by Rambus , Inc. Whereas the fastest current SDRAM and DDR SDRAM memory technologies used by PCs can deliver data at maximum speeds of about 200 MHz and 400 MHz, respectively; RDRAM transfers data at up to 800 MHz.

SOCKETS: 

SOCKETS Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, Core-2 Duo, and Quad-core processors all require different sockets Sometimes there are variations within processor families. For example, the first Pentium 4 came out for Socket 423, which Intel from day one determined would have a life span of no more than a few months. Today all Pentium 4 systems have Socket 478, which is incompatible with many previous Pentium 4 CPUs.

AMD CPU Prices - Week of August 17, 2009 (http://www.sharkyextreme.com/guides/WCPG): 

AMD CPU Prices - Week of August 17, 2009 ( http://www.sharkyextreme.com/guides/WCPG ) CPU Type Price Athlon 64 X2 5400+ (2.8GHz/AM2 - Retail) $67 Phenom X3 8650 (2.3GHz/AM2+ - Retail) $84 Phenom X3 8750 (2.4GHz/AM2+ - Retail) $88 Phenom X4 9650 (2.3GHz/AM2+ - Retail) $110 Phenom X4 9850 (2.5GHz/AM2+ - Retail) $118 Phenom X4 9950 (2.6GHz/AM2+ - Retail) $129 Phenom II X3 710 (2.6GHz - Retail) $110 Phenom II X3 720 (2.8GHz - Retail) $119 Phenom II X4 810 (2.6GHz - Retail) $139 Phenom II X4 940 (3.0GHz - Retail) $180 Phenom II X4 945 (3.0GHz - Retail) $168 Phenom II X4 955 (3.2GHz - Retail) $199

Intel CPU Prices - Week of August 17, 2009 (http://www.sharkyextreme.com/guides/WCPG): 

Intel CPU Prices - Week of August 17, 2009 ( http://www.sharkyextreme.com/guides/WCPG ) CPU Type Price Celeron E1400 2.0GHz LGA775 $54 Celeron E1500 2.2GHz LGA775 $44 Celeron E1600 2.4GHz LGA775 $62 Core 2 Duo E7400 2.8GHz/1066 LGA775 (Retail) $110 Core 2 Duo E8400 3.0GHz/1333 LGA775 (Retail) $168 Core 2 Duo E8500 3.16GHz/1333 LGA775 (Retail) $185 Core 2 Duo E8600 3.33GHz/1333 LGA775 (Retail) $270 Core 2 Quad Q8200 2.33GHz/1333 LGA775 (Retail) $150 Core 2 Quad Q8300 2.5GHz/1333 LGA775 (Retail) $169 Core 2 Quad Q8400 2.66GHz/1333 LGA775 (Retail) $165 Core 2 Quad Q9400 2.66GHz/1333 LGA775 (Retail) $185 Core 2 Quad Q9550 2.83GHz/1333 LGA775 (Retail) $218 Core 2 Quad Q9650 3.0GHz/1333 LGA775 (Retail) $319 Core i7 920 2.66GHz LGA1366 (Retail) $279 Core i7 940 2.93GHz LGA1366 (Retail) $550 Core i7 950 3.06GHz LGA1366 (Retail) $556 Core i7 Extreme 975 3.33GHz LGA1366 (Retail) $990

Cache : 

Cache High speed memory, much higher speed than RAM memory, that greatly speeds up a computer’s operations. Without cache, most processors would be limited in speed by RAM memory. Cache is split up into 2 different levels: L1 L2

L1 Cache : 

L1 Cache L1 – The first level, L1, is built in the CPU core. L1 Cache is split into two parts. The first part stores commonly used data; the second part stores common instructions that the processor carries out on the data. Depending upon the CPU chip, the L1 cache ranges upwards of 20 KB.

L2 Cache : 

L2 Cache L2 – The second level of cache, called L2, is for data only. Some L2 Caches are on the mainboard. Newer L2 Caches are in the CPU core, along with the L1 cache. Intel has been increasing L2 cache sizes on a number of CPUs from 1MB to 2 MB. On Quad-Core processors, the l2 cache is 2 or 3MB per processor the Dual-core processors, the L2 cache is 1 or 2MB per processor. On the 2.8 to 3.8 GHz Pentium IV Prescott series (obsolete) , the L2 cache is 1 MB. On a 2.8 to 3.2 GHz Pentium IV Northwood series (obsolete ), the L2 cache is 512KB. On 1.5 to 1.9 GHz Pentium IV CPUs Willamette series (obsolete ), the L2 cache is 256 KB.

System Bus (see Figure 17) : 

System Bus (see Figure 17) The bus is the main communication avenue in a PC. In simple terms, the bus is the primary data traffic lane from the CPU to all key subsystems. The bus can send data in either direction between any two system devices. For example, a 16-bit bus transfers two bytes at a time over 16 wires; a 32-bit bus transfers four bytes at a time over 32 wires. As this data travels outside of the CPU and through the main memory bus to other devices, it will adjust to the lower bus speeds (e.g. 66 or 100MHz). Where the data lives and then travels to will affect the overall work speed. In short, there are different speeds for different subsystems, yet they all need to work as one unit.

System Bus (Continued) (see Figure 17) : 

System Bus (Continued) (see Figure 17) Memory bus – 32-bit to 64-bit Expansion board bus: ISA bus – no longer around PCI bus – 32-bit to 64-bit – 66 MHz AGP bus – 32-bit to 64-bit – 66 MHz PCI Express bus – 64-bit – 66 MHz Hybrid – PCI and AGP

Figure 17 Layout of Motherboard and Busses: 

Figure 17 Layout of Motherboard and Busses

Printer Resolution : 

Printer Resolution Most printers print the same number of dots horizontally and vertically, though some may have differing numbers. Basically, 9600-by-2400 dpi printers print 9600 tiny little dots across one inch and 2400 dots vertically for one inch. The higher the resolution (i.e., the more dots per inch), the higher the quality of the printed page.

Types of Printers : 

Types of Printers Inkjet and Photo Printers – Relatively high resolution upwards of 4,800 or more DPI) Can be slow – sometimes ink can smear. Photo inkjet printers can produce photos on special glossy photo paper. May have installed memory of up to 64 MB. Laser printer – High resolution (600 to 9,600 DPI), fast speed. Cost relatively low for monochrome Cost relatively high for color Will have installed memory up to 1 GB. Multifunction printers – Fax, printer, copier, and scanner in one device. Dot-matrix printer – Very slow. Useful for printing multipart forms.

Monitor and Graphics Board (continued) : 

Monitor and Graphics Board (continued) Color depth – Most recently developed programs require 256 colors or more: 16 colors – (4-bit color) 256 colors (8-bit color) 65,636 colors (16-bit color) 1,677,216 colors (24-bit color) 16,777,216 (32-bit color)

Connections to Internet : 

Connections to Internet Kbps – Refers to the data transfer rate in k ilo b its p er S econd – Figure Kbps as approximately 128 bytes per second. Dial-Up Modem: Internal vs. external Up to 56 Kbps receive, 33.6 Kbps send ISDN – 56 Kbps to 128 Kbps DSL (digital line service) and cable company modems: DSL - phone companies – Up to 256Kbps to 15 Mbps receive; 128Kbps to 384 Kbps send, depending upon the residential plan (BellSouth). Above is also true of cable company internet services.

Storage Devices : 

Storage Devices Floppy Drive – 1.44 MB (now largely obsolete) Hard Drive (see Figures 18 through 22): Optical Drives: CD Drives (becoming largely obsolete because most DVD drives can also read CDs): CD+-R Drive – Can read 650 MB CD-ROM disk and play audio CDs. CD-RW Drives – 650 MB – Backup and Archive DVD Drives: DVD+-R Drive - Can read 4.7 GB DVD-ROM disks. DVD-RW – Backup and Archive – 4.7 GB

Internal Hard Drive: 

75 Internal Hard Drive 4 pin Molex connector Jumper Setting 40 pin Data Cable connector

Figure 18 Hard Drive (Top): 

Figure 18 Hard Drive (Top)

Figure 19 Hard Drive (Bottom): 

Figure 19 Hard Drive (Bottom)

HARD DISK: 

78 HARD DISK Media Platter Stepper Motor Spindle Motor Media Arm Absorption point Screw Head

Figure 22 Hard Drive (Cutaway View): 

Figure 22 Hard Drive (Cutaway View)

Sector, Cluster & Track: 

80 Sector, Cluster & Track

HDD HEAD: 

81 HDD HEAD

Parts of Hard Disk: 

82 Parts of Hard Disk Absorption Point Logic Board of Hard Disk

Figure 20 Hard Drive (Rear Connectors & Jumper Pins): 

Figure 20 Hard Drive (Rear Connectors & Jumper Pins)

Slide 84: 

84 4 pin Molex connector Jumper Setting 40 pin Data Cable connector

SATA Hard Drive Connector: 

85 SATA Hard Drive Connector High Speed Costly only use for P-IV Computer

Jumper Setting: 

86 Jumper Setting

Jumper Setting of HDD: 

87 Jumper Setting of HDD when we use more than one Hard Disk in our computer then for configuration we use jumper setting option. 1 st Hard Disk Become Master 2 nd Hard Disk Become Slave

IDE 40 Pin Data Cable Connector: 

88 IDE 40 Pin Data Cable Connector

Figure 21 Data Cable and Power Cable Connected to Hard Drive: 

Figure 21 Data Cable and Power Cable Connected to Hard Drive

Storage Devices (continued): 

Storage Devices (continued) Flash and jump drives Small portable pen or keychain size devices that store from 64 MB to 32 GB Completely electronic and plug into USB ports Ideal for transferring files between computers I view these as the ultimate storage media today for data on the go . Small portable pen or keychain size devices that store from 64 MB to 32 GB. Cost ranges after rebate from as low as $5-8 for a 2 GB drive, $8-$10 for a 4 GB drive, $18-20 for a 8 GB drive, $15 to $25 for a 16 GB drive, and $54 to $60 for a 32 GB drive.

Slide 91: 

Memory Cards : Compact Flash, SmartMedia, Memory Stick, Secure Digital, MultiMedia Depending upon the card, upwards of 16 Gigabytes of storage

Flash and Jump Drives: 

Flash and Jump Drives

Storage Devices (continued): 

Storage Devices (continued) External Hard Drives and Portable Hard Drives (see Figures 23 and 24) Plug into USB or Firewire ports Enable users to: Easily and quickly back up internal hard drives Easily expand storage capacity without opening up a computer case Share data with other computers, such as home and office computers External hard drives are generally heavier, bulkier, and less shock resistant than portable hard drives. Portable hard drives are ruggedly built and pocket size, whereas external hard drives are not. External hard drives offer substantial greater storage capacities (upwards of two terabytes) than portable hard drives (generally 200 gigabytes or less) External hard drives usually require a power cord whereas portable hard drives generally get their power from a USB or Firewire port.

External Hard Disk: 

94 External Hard Disk

Figure 23 Western Digital External Hard Drive: 

Figure 23 Western Digital External Hard Drive

Figure 24 SmartDisk® FireLite External Portable 60GB Hard Drive : 

Figure 24 SmartDisk® FireLite External Portable 60GB Hard Drive

Storage Devices (continued): 

Storage Devices (continued) Removable Storage Devices (All are largely obsolete) Iomega Jazz Drive – Up to 2 GB Iomega ZIP Drive – Up to 750 MB LS-120 (SuperDisk) Drive – Up to 120 MB, but can also read a floppy disk.

Slide 98: 

Tape Drives QIC - obsolete Travan – TR-1, TR-2, …, TR-5, Travan-20 – Up to 40 GB (compressed data; uncompressed is about ½ of compressed) DAT drive – Up to 72 GB Drive prices range from slightly under $1,000 to about $1,500. DAT tape cartridges cost approximately $20 per cartridge

Figure 17 Type of Storage Devices: 

Figure 17 Type of Storage Devices

LED, SW, Restart, Power On Button Connectivity with Motherboard: 

100 LED, SW, Restart, Power On Button Connectivity with Motherboard

Power Supply: 

101 Power Supply Function of Power Supply is to: Reduce Voltage Convert AC into DC current

Power Supply Connector: 

102 Power Supply Connector ATX POWER SUPPLY

FDD 34 Pin Data Cable Connector: 

103 FDD 34 Pin Data Cable Connector

Expansion Cards: 

104 Expansion Cards Expansion cards are used to connect different peripherals with motherboard Expansion cards are connected in expansion slots Types of Expansion Cards VGA Sound Fax/Modem I/O card LAN

I/O Card: 

105 I/O Card I/O Card is used to connect input/output or storage devices with motherboard i.e. keyboard, mouse, HDD, printer etc.

Sound card: 

106 Sound card Sound card is used to connect speaker, mic and other audio devices with mother board. It converts analogue signal into digital and vice versa.

Fax/Modem Card: 

107 Fax/Modem Card Fax/Modem card is used for world wide internet connection with the help of phone line and ISP (Internet Service Provider)

LAN CARD: 

108 LAN CARD LAN card is used for connecting two or more computer among each other network

SWITCH: 

109 SWITCH

VGA: 

110 VGA

Slide 111: 

111 Figure 5-14 DIP switches are sometimes used to store setup data on motherboards

Slide 112: 

112 Figure 5-15 Setup information about the motherboard can be stored by setting a jumper on (closed) or off (open). A jumper is closed if the cover is in place, connecting the two pins that make up the jumper; a jumper is open if the cover is not in place.

Slide 113: 

113 Figure 5-24 The coin cell is the most common type of CMOS battery

How do you make a PC faster? : 

How do you make a PC faster? Traditionally, systems developers have focused on improving three aspects of a PC to improve performance: clock speed, I/O and memory bus speed, cache size, and data width. The faster the microprocessor’s clock speed, the more processes can be handled each second; this represents a somewhat linear improvement—double the clock speed , and you double throughput, up to the limits of the I/O and memory bus, which can become bottlenecks. While clock speeds on new processors will continue to increase, and we'll also see continued improvements in bus speed and bus design.

How do you make a PC faster? : 

How do you make a PC faster? System performance can also be improved through better caching mechanisms. Most microprocessors these days have a L2 cache as their primary on-chip caching mechanism; low-end processors have about 128K or 256K in their L2 cache, while higher-end systems have 1MB or 2MB L2 caches. While more cache is generally better, the improvement is definitely not linear: Doubling cache only adds a small amount to the overall chip performance, but raises the cost significantly. There is also a diminishing return, as there is not much benefit from exceeding 2MB L2 cache.

How do you make a PC faster? : 

How do you make a PC faster? Traditionally, systems developers have focused on improving four aspects of a PC to improve performance: clock speed I/O and memory bus speed cache size data width of the processor The more bits a processor can manipulate at one time, the more powerful the performance of the CPU. For example, a 64-bit CPU is more powerful than a 32-bit CPU. Most of Intel’s and AMD CPUs are 64-bit processors. To take advantage of the increased performance of 64-bit processors, Microsoft developed a 64-bit version of Windows XP Professional and Windows Vista.

Now there is a fifth aspect of improving a PCs: 

Now there is a fifth aspect of improving a PCs Add more processors Many servers, some high-end desktops, and workstations use dual-core processors that incorporate two processors on a single chip. A dual-core processor or a quad-core processor system can give nearly twice or four times the performance of a single-CPU PC when running certain applications. The Pentium Quad-Core is a quad-core processor The Pentium Core 2 is a dual-core processor. The Athlon 64 X2 CPUs are AMD’s dual-core processors and the Ph.oenom is a quad-core processor.

Improving a PC’s Performance: 

Improving a PC’s Performance Possible routes to improving PC’s performance include increasing: Processor clock speed, Data width, Number of processors, Cache size, and I/O and memory bus speed, However, to take advantage of some of these performance enhancement routes, new operating systems and new applications had to be developed.

Interface: 

119 Interface Operating System Hardware user A B C windows 98, windows Xp, Lindows, Unix, Linux

Monitor : 

Monitor Type – Either a picture tube or flat-panel screen. Size : 14”, 15”, 17”, 19”, 21”, 22”, 23”, 24”, or 26” The size of the monitor refers to the diagonal measurement of picture tube inside monitor and, for picture tube monitors, is typically greater than actual viewing area. For example, the typical viewing area of a 17” monitor is 15.9”. For flat-panel screen monitors, the size is usually very close to the actual viewing area.

Slide 121: 

Dot Pitch – The smaller the dot pitch, the higher the resolution. Select a monitor with a dot pitch of 0.28 mm or less (preferably 0.26 mm or less). Refresh rate – How many times per second the monitor redraws the entire screen. The faster the better. Select a monitor with a refresh rate of 72 Hz or more. Energy Star – Monitor and computer sleep when not in use for a period of time.

Monitor and Graphics Board : 

Monitor and Graphics Board Resolution – The higher the resolution, the clearer the characters and images on the screen and the more characters that appear on the screen. But the characters are smaller on the screen. Higher resolutions require larger screen sizes: 640 x 480 (VGA) 800 x 600 (SVGA)– most web sites are designed to display at this resolution 1,024 x 768 (XGA) 1,280 x 1,024 (SXGA) 1,600 x 1,200 (UGA) 1,920 x 1,200 2,048 x 1,536

Connections to Internet (continued): 

Connections to Internet (continued) WI-FI: High speed wireless networks provide connection to the Internet. This wireless technology is referred to as IEEE 802.11 (a, b, g, n) architecture. Transmission speed ranges from 11 megabits per second to 108 megabits per second. Can transmit and receive within 50 to 300 feet inside a building to several hundred feet outside.

Wireless WIFI USB Adapter One of Three Types of Wireless Adapters: 

Wireless WIFI USB Adapter One of Three Types of Wireless Adapters

Wireless PC Card $39.99 One of Three Types of Wireless Adapters Fits PCMIA Card Slot on Notebook (PCMCIA cards - Personal Computer Memory Card International Association): 

Wireless PC Card $39.99 One of Three Types of Wireless Adapters Fits PCMIA Card Slot on Notebook (PCMCIA cards - Personal Computer Memory Card International Association)

Slide 126: 

Computer Software

Software—Can be categorized into four types: 

Software—Can be categorized into four types System software Application software Educational software Entertainment software

System Software: 

System Software Controls the operations of computer equipment Operating System software tells the computer how to: Load Store Execute OS is loaded into memory when the computer is turned on This process is called booting Most OS’s use a Graphical User Interface (GUI) Provides visual cues such as icons Each icon represents an application

Software: 

Software Instructions and associated data, stored in electronic format, that direct the computer to accomplish a task. System software helps the computer carry out its basic operating tasks. Operating systems Utilities

System Software: 

System Software An Operating System (OS) is the master controller within a computer. EX: Windows, MacOS, DOS, UNIX, Linux An operating system interacts with: All hardware installed in or connected to a computer system. All software installed or running from a storage device on a computer system.

System Software: 

System Software Microsoft Windows Most popular operating system. Supports a vast array of application software and peripheral devices. MacOS For Macintosh computers. Proprietary system. Does not have same functionality and support for software and peripheral devices.

System Software: 

System Software Network operating system (NOS) Manages network resources. Maintains security. Tracks user accounts. Handles communication between workstations and servers. Popular network operating systems Windows NT, Novell Netware, UNIX

System Software: 

System Software Utilities Utilities augment functionality of operating systems. Utilities includes device drivers and Troubleshooting capabilities. Utilities provide file management capabilities such as copying, moving or renaming a file. Norton Utilities includes an undelete function that can recover deleted files. Symantec and McAfee Virus checkers add protection for all system and data files.

Application Software: 

Application Software Programs that tell a computer how to produce information Commonly used applications Word processing Spreadsheet Database Presentation Financial Email Taxing

Application Software: 

Application Software Accomplishes specific tasks for users. Enables a computer to become a multi-purpose machine. Produce worksheets and reports. Automate record keeping like attendance and grades. Create flow charts and graphic organizers. Communicate worldwide.

Application Software: 

Application Software Productivity Software Spreadsheets Databases Presentation Software Document Preparation Word Processing Desktop Publishing Project Management Software

Application Software: 

Application Software Graphics Creation and Manipulation Animation and 3D Graphics Video Editing Internet Connectivity Website Creation and Management Groupware Financial Management Educational Games and Tutorials

Educational Software: 

Educational Software Software that can be used for learning purposes Examples include: Jump Start Series Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing Reader Rabbit Encarta or World Book Math Blaster Rosetta Stone Spanish

Entertainment Software: 

Entertainment Software Sports games Madden NFL MLB The Sims World of Warcraft Rollercoaster Tycoon Final Fantasy Halo Myst Half Life Barbie Fashion Show

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages Basic building blocks of any software. Programming languages allow a programmer to write instructions that a computer can understand. Programming languages have some resemblance to the English language. BASIC Pascal Fortran C++ Java

Instructional Support: 

Instructional Support What problems do you need solved and which application software will help solve the problems? Integrated Learning Systems Computer Assisted Instruction Drill, Tutorial, Simulation Textbook Resources Research and Information Access

What technology-based resources are available?: 

What technology-based resources are available? Stand-alone computer(s) in the classroom Networked computers in the classroom Computer laboratory Computer for every kid

Types of Software: 

143 Utility Software Utility Software is used to remove any problem or solve a complex situation in computer. for example Partition Magic Backup utility Antivirus Data Recovery Security Software Win Ghost Types of Software