Kyoto protocol

Slide 1: 

KYOTO PROTOCOL RIO DECLARATION AGENDA 21

Slide 2: 

INTRODUCTION TO KYOTO PROTOCOL

Kyoto protocol : 

A protocol is an international agreement that stands on its own but is linked to an existing treaty. This means that the climate protocol shares the concerns and principles set out in the climate convention. It then builds on these by adding new commitments which are stronger and far more complex and detailed than those in the Convention. Kyoto protocol

Kyoto protocol : 

• The 1997 Kyoto Protocol is considered to be the most far-reaching agreement on environment and sustainable development ever adopted. This is a sign that the international community is willing to face reality and start taking concrete actions to minimize the risk of climate change. • Adopted in December 1997 and entered into force in February 2005. Kyoto protocol

Kyoto protocol : 

• It sets legally binding targets and timetables for cutting developed country emissions. – commits them to reducing their collective emissions by at least 5%. Each country’s emissions levels will be calculated as an average of the years 2008-2012. • The Protocol recognizes that emissions cuts must be credible and verifiable. – Each country will need an effective national system for estimating emissions and confirming reductions Kyoto protocol

Kyoto protocol : 

• It highlights effective domestic policies and measures for reducing emissions. • It assigns a national target to each country. – The overall 5% target for developed countries is to be met through cuts of 8% in the European Union (EU), Switzerland, and most Central and East European states; 7% in the US (although the US has stated that it is no longer committed to the Kyoto Protocol); and 6% in Canada, Hungary, Japan, and Poland. New Zealand, Russia, and Ukraine are to stabilize their emissions, while Norway may increase emissions by up to 1%, Australia by up to 8%,and Iceland 10%. Kyoto protocol

Contd from previous slide… : 

– The EU has made its own internal agreement to meet its 8% target by distributing different rates to its member states, just as the entire developed group's 5% target was shared out. These targets range from a 28% reduction by Luxembourg and 21% cuts by Denmark and Germany to a 25% increase by Greece and +27% for Portugal. Contd from previous slide…

Kyoto protocol : 

The Protocol offers additional flexibility to the countries with economies in transition. It also reconfirms the broader commitments of all countries – developed and developing The Protocol innovates by giving Parties credit for reducing emissions in other countries. Kyoto protocol

Kyoto protocol : 

Emission Trading Joint implementation (JI) projects will offer "emissions reduction units“ for financing projects in other developed countries.” A Clean Development Mechanism will provide credit for financing emissions-reducing or emissions-avoiding projects in developing countries. Kyoto protocol

Kyoto protocol : 

The clean development mechanism is also a project-based mechanism. However, emission credits from the CDM are generated from projects in non-Annex I Parties. CDM credits may be generated from emission reduction projects or from afforestation and reforestation projects. There is about 1,610 CDM projects Kyoto protocol

Kyoto protocol : 

CDM projects must meet detailed requirements and follow exact procedures for registration validation and verification by designated operational entities, and crediting to demonstrate that reductions or removals associated with the project are additional to what would otherwise occur in the absence of the project. Additional rules apply to afforestation and reforestation projects. Kyoto protocol

Rio declaration on environment and development : 

Recognizing the integral and interdependent nature of the Earth, our home, the nations meeting at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro adopted a set of principles to guide future development. These principles define the rights of people to development, and their responsibilities to safeguard the common environment. Rio declaration on environment and development

Contd….. : 

The Rio Declaration states that the only way to have long term economic progress is to link it with environmental protection. This will only happen if nations establish a new and equitable global partnership involving governments, their people and key sectors of societies. They must build international agreements that protect the integrity of the global environmental and the developmental system. Contd…..

Slide 14: 

ARTICLES IN THE RIO DECLARATION…

ARTICLE:2… : 

ARTICLE:2… Ways to fight increasing GHG. Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the national economy. Protection and enhancement of sinks. Promote sustainable agriculture. Research and promote new and renewable energy.

Contd…. : 

Phase out any incentives for ‘bad practice. Encourage ‘good practices’. Limit GHG from transport. Limit methane emissions through recovery and use. Cut GHG from aviation. Be careful of wider impact - avoid adverse effects. Contd….

Article:3 : 

Keep to assigned amounts of GHG with overall worldwide reduction by at least 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012. Everyone must have shown progress by 2005. Verifiable changes since 1990 in GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks due to direct human-induced land-use change and forestry can be used to meet commitments. Article:3

Contd… : 

Everyone must supply their level of ‘carbon stocks’ in 1990 so the change since can be estimated. BUT what sinks, sources and ‘additional activities’ which can be added or subtracted from GHG reduction commitments? Contd…

Other Articles.. : 

Article:4-Countries can meet their commitments together. Article:5-All countries will have in place, at least a year before the first commitment period (2008), a national system for measuring GHG emission changes. Article:6-Joint implementation -Countries can work together to meet their emission reduction targets. Other Articles..

Other articles…. : 

Article:7-All countries will supply the extra information needed with the numbers it gives i.e. perceived wider impacts. Article:8-All the information given by each country will be reviewed by expert, independent, review teams. Article:9-The protocol will be regularly reviewed in light of the best information available at the time. Other articles….

Other articles… : 

Article:10-All countries should develop national and/or regional programmes to both limit GHG emissions and improve the quality of GHG data via consistent methods. Article:11-The richer countries will provide funds and technology to developing countries to help them better advance towards GHG reduction. Other articles…

Other articles…. : 

Article:12-The Clean Development Mechanism. Article:17-Emissions trading - countries can trade in ‘emission units’. Other articles….

Slide 23: 

Agenda 21 explains that population, consumption and technology are the primary driving forces of environmental change. It lays out what needs to be done to reduce wasteful and inefficient consumption patterns in some parts of the world while encouraging increased but sustainable development in others. It offers policies and programmes to achieve a sustainable balance between consumption, population and the Earth’s life-supporting capacity. Agenda 21 provides options for combating degradation of the land, air and water, conserving forests and the diversity of species of life.

Slide 24: 

Agenda 21 calls on governments to adopt national strategies for sustainable development. These should be developed with wide participation, including non-government organizations and the public. Agenda 21 puts most of the responsibility for leading change on national governments, but says they need to work in a broad series of partnerships with international organizations, business, regional, state, provincial and local governments, non-governmental and citizens’ groups.

Slide 25: 

SECTION 1:- Section 1 of the agenda 21 is also known as the preamble for the social and economic dimensions of the world. It contains the chapters from 1 till 8. SECTION 2:- Section 2 contains the aspects of Conservation and Management of Resources it includes the chapters from 9 till 22. The 9th chapter contains the aspects about protecting our environment and others continue with other aspects.

Slide 26: 

SECTION 3:- Section 3 of the agenda 21 deals with strengthening the role of major groups this contains the chapters from 23 till 32. The 23rd chapter tells about the preamble of strengthening the role of major groups. SECTION 4:- Section 4 of the agenda 21 contains the aspects regarding the means of implementation of the plans in the above three sections. This includes the chapters from 33 to 40. As the 33rd chapter gives a brief introduction about the financing of sustainable development.

references : 

www.kyotoprotocol.com www.wikipedia.com Books on Kyoto protocol by anonymous writers. references

Slide 28: 

THANK YOU… By, Parsi.Pruthvi, Azhar Basha, Harish