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Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Reaserch Method And Sampling Techniques In Agroforestry Slide 2: By:- NEETU KUMAR B.SC.Forestry ID-346 Agroforestry : Agroforestry An integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more Diverse, Productive, Profitable, Healthy and Sustainable land-use systems Research Methodology : Research Methodology A highly intellectual human activity used in the investigation of nature and matter and deals specifically with the manner in which data is collected, analyzed and interpreted Research Methods : Research Methods Goal is to produce new knowledge , which takes three main forms Exploratory research, which structures and identifies new problems Constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence Types Of Research : Types Of Research Research can also fall into two distinct types: Primary Research:- collection of data that does not already exist Secondary Research:- summary, collation and/or synthesis of existing research Hourglass Model Structure of Research : Hourglass Model Structure of Research The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required information through the methodology of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion and results. Steps for adopting an Agroforestry System : Steps for adopting an Agroforestry System Survey of land i.e., latitude, longitude, altitude etc Soil study i.e., type, proportion of sand, silt, clay, infiltration rate etc. Rainfall Selection of components (atleast one perennial tree component) continue......... Slide 9: Selection of pattern of planting Plantation of tree component with specific spacing Plantation of second component i.e., agricultural crop and/or horticultural fruit or vegetable crop or any other grass or forage crop continue......... continue. . . . . . Slide 10: Regular data record Survival DBH Collar diameter Tree height Result and conclusion Performance of both component Individually and Combined continue. . . . . . DIGNOSIS AND DESIGN (D&D) METHODOLOGY : DIGNOSIS AND DESIGN (D&D) METHODOLOGY Developed by International centre for research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) It is a methodology for the diagnosis of land problem and design of its Agroforestry solution It is characterized by:- Flexibility Speed Repetition Slide 12: Stages of D & D Diagnostic stage Follow Planning stage Technology Design stage Pre- diagnostic stage Steps of D & D : Steps of D & D Pre-Diagnostic stage Preliminary description of the Selected land use system Differentiation of land use system within the study area Environment description of the study area Diagnostic stage Diagnostic survey Diagnostic analysis Derivation of specification for appropriate technology Slide 14: Technology Design stage Technology appraisal Technology Design Design evaluation Follow Planning stage Research needs Topics requiring further D&D attention Project implementation plan Slide 15: Sampling Techniques Sampling Techniques:- : Sampling Techniques:- Representativeness of the sample in population THERE SHOULD be least sampling error There are two sampling techniques Probability sampling Non Random sampling Probability Sampling : Probability Sampling All items in a population of interest are given equal chances of being selected Simple random sampling Systematic sampling Stratified random sampling Non Random Sampling : Non Random Sampling The researcher use judgment in selecting items to be included in the sample Quote sampling Convenience Sampling Simple Random Sampling : Simple Random Sampling A simple random sample is one which is chosen from the universe in such a way that all items are given equal chance for appearing in the sampling Goldfish Bowl Technique : Goldfish Bowl Technique For example we have to select 20 corns from 50. So first mix all the corns thoroughly and than select one randomly and continue this process till the sample number reach to 20. Random Digits Technique : Random Digits Technique Each unit is numbered from 01 to last Select the random starting point from the table of random no. in any way you wish Note the first two or three digits as you need If you need 20 sample out of 50 select the first 20. Slide 22: Disadvantages:- Tedious when no. of sample selected is large and the population is also large Systematic Sampling : Systematic Sampling In other words Multistage Random Sampling We select our sample by drawing every 10th and 20th item from the population For example we have to select 400 trees from 1600, so we can select 4th , 8th ,12th ,16th and so on………………. Stratified Sampling : Stratified Sampling The population is divided into strata or subpopulation Useful when there is expected variation among subpopulation For example a forester want to sample out a population the age classes may serve as strata or subpopulation More effective than other sampling techniques Non Probability Sampling : Non Probability Sampling Unequal chances for each item to select for sample are given:- Judgment sampling Quota sampling Convenience sampling Judgment Sampling : Judgment Sampling Judgment of the researcher is the key for selection of sample from population Quota Sampling : Quota Sampling Major population involves an important role in selecting the sample For example a forester will include more no. of valuable tree species than less valuable species Convenience Sampling : Convenience Sampling Convenience to researcher in terms of- Time, Money and Administration Slide 29: THANKS You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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research method and sampling techniques in agroforestry panwarpankaj2008 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 516 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: October 29, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description This ppt deals with the research techniques used in Agroforestry and various sampling techniques used in research works. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Reaserch Method And Sampling Techniques In Agroforestry Slide 2: By:- NEETU KUMAR B.SC.Forestry ID-346 Agroforestry : Agroforestry An integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more Diverse, Productive, Profitable, Healthy and Sustainable land-use systems Research Methodology : Research Methodology A highly intellectual human activity used in the investigation of nature and matter and deals specifically with the manner in which data is collected, analyzed and interpreted Research Methods : Research Methods Goal is to produce new knowledge , which takes three main forms Exploratory research, which structures and identifies new problems Constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence Types Of Research : Types Of Research Research can also fall into two distinct types: Primary Research:- collection of data that does not already exist Secondary Research:- summary, collation and/or synthesis of existing research Hourglass Model Structure of Research : Hourglass Model Structure of Research The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required information through the methodology of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion and results. Steps for adopting an Agroforestry System : Steps for adopting an Agroforestry System Survey of land i.e., latitude, longitude, altitude etc Soil study i.e., type, proportion of sand, silt, clay, infiltration rate etc. Rainfall Selection of components (atleast one perennial tree component) continue......... Slide 9: Selection of pattern of planting Plantation of tree component with specific spacing Plantation of second component i.e., agricultural crop and/or horticultural fruit or vegetable crop or any other grass or forage crop continue......... continue. . . . . . Slide 10: Regular data record Survival DBH Collar diameter Tree height Result and conclusion Performance of both component Individually and Combined continue. . . . . . DIGNOSIS AND DESIGN (D&D) METHODOLOGY : DIGNOSIS AND DESIGN (D&D) METHODOLOGY Developed by International centre for research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) It is a methodology for the diagnosis of land problem and design of its Agroforestry solution It is characterized by:- Flexibility Speed Repetition Slide 12: Stages of D & D Diagnostic stage Follow Planning stage Technology Design stage Pre- diagnostic stage Steps of D & D : Steps of D & D Pre-Diagnostic stage Preliminary description of the Selected land use system Differentiation of land use system within the study area Environment description of the study area Diagnostic stage Diagnostic survey Diagnostic analysis Derivation of specification for appropriate technology Slide 14: Technology Design stage Technology appraisal Technology Design Design evaluation Follow Planning stage Research needs Topics requiring further D&D attention Project implementation plan Slide 15: Sampling Techniques Sampling Techniques:- : Sampling Techniques:- Representativeness of the sample in population THERE SHOULD be least sampling error There are two sampling techniques Probability sampling Non Random sampling Probability Sampling : Probability Sampling All items in a population of interest are given equal chances of being selected Simple random sampling Systematic sampling Stratified random sampling Non Random Sampling : Non Random Sampling The researcher use judgment in selecting items to be included in the sample Quote sampling Convenience Sampling Simple Random Sampling : Simple Random Sampling A simple random sample is one which is chosen from the universe in such a way that all items are given equal chance for appearing in the sampling Goldfish Bowl Technique : Goldfish Bowl Technique For example we have to select 20 corns from 50. So first mix all the corns thoroughly and than select one randomly and continue this process till the sample number reach to 20. Random Digits Technique : Random Digits Technique Each unit is numbered from 01 to last Select the random starting point from the table of random no. in any way you wish Note the first two or three digits as you need If you need 20 sample out of 50 select the first 20. Slide 22: Disadvantages:- Tedious when no. of sample selected is large and the population is also large Systematic Sampling : Systematic Sampling In other words Multistage Random Sampling We select our sample by drawing every 10th and 20th item from the population For example we have to select 400 trees from 1600, so we can select 4th , 8th ,12th ,16th and so on………………. Stratified Sampling : Stratified Sampling The population is divided into strata or subpopulation Useful when there is expected variation among subpopulation For example a forester want to sample out a population the age classes may serve as strata or subpopulation More effective than other sampling techniques Non Probability Sampling : Non Probability Sampling Unequal chances for each item to select for sample are given:- Judgment sampling Quota sampling Convenience sampling Judgment Sampling : Judgment Sampling Judgment of the researcher is the key for selection of sample from population Quota Sampling : Quota Sampling Major population involves an important role in selecting the sample For example a forester will include more no. of valuable tree species than less valuable species Convenience Sampling : Convenience Sampling Convenience to researcher in terms of- Time, Money and Administration Slide 29: THANKS