Molecular Validation of Biofilm Infection

Molecular Validation of Biofilm Infection:

Molecular Validation of Biofilm Infection Randall Wolcott MD

Excessive Neutrophils:

Excessive Neutrophils Diegelmann RF Wound Repair Regen Vol 11 2003

Host Defenses:

Host Defenses Lam, JS Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against serotype strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infect Immuno Vol 55, 1987

Host Defenses:

Host Defenses Leid, JG Human leukocytes adhere to, penetrate, and respond to Staphylococcus aureus biofilms Infect. Immuno. Vol 70, 2002

Slow Penetration:

Slow Penetration

Biofilm and Inflammation:

Biofilm and Inflammation

Molecular Mechanisms:

Molecular Mechanisms Staphyloccocus Heme Sensing System In all, the coordinated activity of Hss and Hrt allow S. aureus to sense internal host tissues, resulting in the tempering of virulence to avoid excessive host tissue damage. Torres A Staphylococcus aureus Regulatory System that Responds to Host Heme and Modulates Virulence Cell Host and Microbe Vol 1, 2007

Type IV Secretion System:

Type IV Secretion System Hartl, D Cleavage of CXCR1 on neutrophils disables bacterial killing in cystic fibrosis lung disease Nature Medicine Vol 13, 2007 Biofilms and Chronic Wound Inflammation JWC Vol 17, 2008

Type III Secretion System:

Type III Secretion System Real-Time Analysis of Effector Translocation by the Type III Secretion System of Enteropathogenic E. Coli (2008) A Type III Secretion System in Vibrio cholerae Translocates a ForminSpire Hybrid-like Actin Nucleator to Promote Intestinal Colonization (Apr2007) Putting Enterohemorrhagic E. coli on a Pedestal (Mar2009) Bacterial Interference of Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination (Mar2007) Wiess IRSp53 Links the Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Effectors Tir and EspFu for Actin Pedistal Formation Cell Host and Microbe Vol 5, 2009

Molecular Mechanisms:

Molecular Mechanisms In addition, bacterial pathogens use a variety of mechanisms that balance breaching the epithelial barrier with maintaining the epithelium in order to promote bacterial colonization . These complex strategies represent a new paradigm of bacterial pathogenesis Kim Cell Host and Microbe Vol 8(1), July 2010

Planktonic vs Biofilm:

Planktonic vs Biofilm Sheffield Wound Care Practice Vol 2 2007 Chapter 29, Page 720

Biofilm Infection:

Biofilm Infection (a) Bacteria adhered to surface Surface selects (but is not necessary) for biofilm formation (a) Direct visualization of biofilm morphology The current “gold standard” for diagnosing biofilm (a) Confined to a particular location Biofilm seems to limit its size (quorum sensing) (a) Resistant to appropriate antibiotics A hallmark of biofilm is high resistance to antibiotics (b)Resistant to biocides A hallmark of biofilm is high resistance to biocides (b)Large number with high diversity in a host lesion (b)Infections that wax and wane with exacerbations (b)Secondary signs of infection (a)Parsek Annu. Rev. Microbiol. Vol57, 2003 (b) Wolcott JWC Vol19(2), 2010 Costerton and Stewart Sci Am Vol 285, 2001

Medical Biofilms :

Medical Biofilms Del Pozo and Patel Clin Pharm Ther Vol 82, 2007 Medical biofilm paradigm Journal of Wound Care Vol 19(2), 2010 Biofilm and Chronic Infections JAMA Vol 299(22), 2008