logging in or signing up word accents ppt nspadmavat Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 246 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: October 16, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: safina22 (16 month(s) ago) am a teacher ofd english as a foreign language. i would like you to help me in praparing lessons for my students. thank you Saving..... Post Reply Close By: nspadmavat (16 month(s) ago) which kind of help you expect from me. you can communicate me on my mail id nspadmavat@gmail.com. thanks. Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: safina22 (16 month(s) ago) am a teacher ofd english as a foreign language. i would like you to help me in praparing lessons for my students. thank you Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: vijay.suryawanshi (19 month(s) ago) This Presentation show's the History of English Accents in past years "Great Presentation" Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript English accents : English accents By Padmavat N.S. WORD ACCENTS : WORD ACCENTS The relative prominence of a particular syllable of a word by greater intensity or by variation or modulation of pitch or tone. . Vocal prominence or emphasis given to a particular syllable, word, or phrase. . A characteristic pronunciation, especially: a. One determined by the regional or social background of the speaker. b. One determined by the phonetic habits of the speaker's native language carried over to his or her use of another language. 4 A mark or symbol used in the printing and writing of certain languages to indicate the vocal quality to be given to a particular letter: an acute accent. Slide 3: . A mark or symbol used in printing and writing to indicate the stressed syllables of a spoken word. . Rhythmically significant stress in a line of verse. Music a. Emphasis or prominence given to a note or chord, as by an increase in volume or extended duration. a. A mark representing this. . Mathematics a. A mark used as a superscript to distinguish among variables represented by the same symbol. b. A mark used as a superscript to indicate the first derivative of a variable. . A mark or one of several marks used as a superscript to indicate a unit, such as feet () and inches (") in linear measurement. Slide 4: . a. A distinctive feature or quality, such as a feature that accentuates, contrasts with, or complements a decorative style. b. Something that accentuates or contrasts something else, as a touch of color that makes the features of an image stand out. . Particular importance or interest; emphasis: The accent is on comfort. See Synonyms at emphasis. tr.v. (ksnt, k-snt) ac·cent·ed, ac·cent·ing, ac·cents 1. To stress or emphasize the pronunciation of. . To mark with a printed accent. . To focus attention on; accentuate: a program that accents leadership development. Slide 5: accent - distinctive manner of oral expression; "he couldn't suppress his contemptuous accent"; "she had a very clear speech pattern" speech pattern pronunciation - the manner in which someone utters a word; "they are always correcting my pronunciation" drawl - a slow speech pattern with prolonged vowels. accent - special importance or significance; "the red light gave the central figure increased emphasis"; "the room was decorated in shades of grey with distinctive red accents" emphasis grandness, importance - a prominent status; "a person of importance" stress, focus - special emphasis attached to something; "the stress was more on accuracy than on speed" Slide 6: accent - the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people; "the immigrants spoke an odd dialect of English"; "he has a strong German accent"; "it has been said that a language is a dialect with an army and navy" dialect, idiom non-standard speech - speech that differs from the usual accepted, easily recognizable speech of native adult members of a speech community eye dialect - the use of misspellings to identify a colloquial or uneducated speaker patois - a regional dialect of a language (especially French); usually considered substandard spang, bang - leap, jerk, bang; "Bullets spanged into the trees" forrad, forrard, forward, forwards, frontward, frontwards - at or to or toward the front; "he faced forward"; "step forward"; "she practiced sewing backward as well as frontward on her new sewing machine"; (`forrad' and `forrard' are dialectal variations) Slide 7: accent - a diacritical mark used to indicate stress or placed above a vowel to indicate a special pronunciation accent mark language, linguistic communication - a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; "he taught foreign languages"; "the language introduced is standard throughout the text"; "the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written" diacritic, diacritical mark - a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation stress mark - a mark indicating the stress on a syllable acute, acute accent, ague - a mark (') placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation grave accent, grave - a mark (`) placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation Slide 8: Understand that in most British accents don't roll your '"R'"'s: (except those from the West Country, Liverpool, Northumbria, Northern Ireland, and parts of Scotland), but not all "British" accents are the same, ie: a Scottish accent varies greatly from an English accent. Pay attention to the tones and stress(emphasis) used throughout spoken sentences by British people. Do sentences generally end on a higher note, the same, or lower? How much variation is there in tone throughout a typical sentence? There is a huge variation between regions with tonality. Slide 9: Pronounce U in stupid and in duty with the ew sound: not oo as in an American accent; thus it is pronounced stewpid, not stoopid, etc. In the standard English accent, the A (for example, in father) is pronounced awr, and not like a as in apple. So pronounce "father" as "fawrthuh", or pronounce "can't" as "cawrn't". Get a British person to say well known sentences: "How now brown cow" and "The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain" and pay close attention. Rounded mouth vowels in words such as "about" in London, are usually flattened in Northern Ireland. Slide 10: Notice that two or more vowels together may prompt an extra syllable. For example, the word "road" would usually be pronounced rohd, but in Wales and with some people in Northern Ireland it might be pronounced ro.ord. Pronounce that T in "duty" as T: not as the American D as doody so that duty is pronounced dewty or a softer jooty. Pronounce the suffix -ing with the G: so it sounds like -ing rather than -een. But sometimes it is shortened to in as in lookin. The words human being are pronounced hewman being or yooman been in certain areas, though it could be pronounced hewman bee-in. Slide 11: Drop the Ts: sometimes Ts aren't pronounced at all, especially in words with two Ts grouped together. So battle might be pronounced Ba-ill, catching the air behind the back of the tongue at the end of the first syllable before expelling it on pronunciation of the second syllable. This is known as the glottal stop, and is uncommon in American English pronunciation. Dropping the 't' is considered to be lazy, so be aware that whilst you should be aware of it when listening, try not to speak like this yourself. Observe that H is not always pronounced: but the "H" is pronounced in the word "herb," in contrast to American erb. Realize that some words require the ee sound to be pronounced as in the word bean. In an American accent, this is often pronounced bin. In an English Accent, been may be pronounced as bean; or just as "bin", depending on where you go, though bin is probably more common. Phonetic Symbols : Phonetic Symbols (Pure Vowels/Monophthongs) initially medially finally 1. /i:/ east sheet key 2. /I/ it hit duty 3. /e / end send 4. /æ/ and sand 5. /a:/ art heart car 6. /ɒ/ ox fox Slide 13: initially medially finally 7. /ɔ:/ all ball saw 8. /U/ put 9. /u:/ ooze choose chew 10.// up cup 11./з:/ earn learn stir 12. /ə/ ago police maker Slide 14: 13. /eɪ/ eight straight stay 14. /əʊ/ oak joke slow 15. /aɪ/ ice mice my 16./aʊ/ out shout how 17. /ɔɪ/ oil boil boy 18. /ɪə/ ears beard peer 19. /eə/ airs paired hare 20. /uə/ cured tour Slide 15: initially medially finally 1. /p/ pin spin keep 2. /b/ bin tubs club 3. /t/ tell stick light 4. /d/ day heads laid 5. /k/ keep skill stick 6. /g/ get jugs bag Slide 16: initially medially finally 7. /ʧ/ chin reached teach 8. / ʤ / joke hinged large 9. /m/ met smoke team 10. /n/ net snake tin 11. /ŋ/ rings sing 12. /l/ lot fling full Slide 17: initially medially finally 13 /f/ fan soft if 14. /v/ van leaves thief 15. /ɵ/ thin months bath 16./ð/ then clothes bathe Slide 18: initially medially finally 17. /s/ sip list less 18. /z/ zip loser buzz 19. /ʃ/ ship rushed hush 20. /ʒ/ measure rouge Slide 19: initially medially finally 21. /h/ hot behave 22. /r/ rot try 23. /w/ watt sweat 24. /j/ yatch tune Phonics Rules : Phonics Rules The vowels are "a,e,i,o, and u"; also sometimes "y" & "w". This also includes the diphthongs "oi,oy,ou,ow,au,aw, oo" and many others. The consonants are all the other letters which stop or limit the flow of air from the throat in speech. They are: "b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,qu,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z,ch,sh,th,ph,wh, ng, and gh". 1. Sometimes the rules don't work. There are many exceptions in English because of the vastness of the language and the many languages from which it has borrowed. The rules do work however, in the majority of the words. 2. Every syllable in every word must have a vowel. English is a "vocal" language; Every word must have a vowel Slide 21: 3. "C" followed by "e, i or y" usually has the soft sound of "s". Examples: "cyst", "central", and "city". 4. "G" followed by "e, i or y" usually has the soft sound of "j". Example: "gem", "gym", and "gist". 5. When 2 consonants are joined together and form one new sound, they are a consonant digraph. They count as one sound and one letter and are never separated. Examples: "ch,sh,th,ph and wh". 6. When a syllable ends in a consonant and has only one vowel, that vowel is short. Examples: "fat, bed, fish, spot, luck". 7. When a syllable ends in a silent "e", the silent "e" is a signal that the vowel in front of it is long. Examples: "make, gene, kite, rope, and use". Slide 22: 8. When a syllable has 2 vowels together, the first vowel is usually long and the second is silent. Examples: "pain, eat, boat, res/cue, say, grow". NOTE: Diphthongs don't follow this rule; In a diphthong, the vowels blend together to create a single new sound. The diphthongs are: "oi,oy,ou,ow,au,aw, oo" and many others. 9. When a syllable ends in any vowel and is the only vowel, that vowel is usually long. Examples: "pa/per, me, I, o/pen, u/nit, and my". 10. When a vowel is followed by an "r" in the same syllable, that vowel is "r-controlled". It is not long nor short. "R-controlled "er,ir,and ur" often sound the same (like "er"). Examples: "term, sir, fir, fur, far, for, su/gar, or/der". Basic Syllable Rules : Basic Syllable Rules 1. To find the number of syllables: ---count the vowels in the word, ---subtract any silent vowels, (like the silent "e" at the end of a word or the second vowel when two vowels a together in a syllable) ---subtract one vowel from every diphthong, (diphthongs only count as one vowel sound.) ---the number of vowels sounds left is the same as the number of syllables. The number of syllables that you hear when you pronounce a word is the same as the number of vowels sounds heard. For example: The word "came" has 2 vowels, but the "e" is silent, leaving one vowel sound andone syllable. The word "outside" has 4 vowels, but the "e" is silent and the "ou" is a diphthong which counts as only one sound, so this word has only two vowels sounds and therefore, two syllables. Slide 24: 2. Divide between two middle consonants. Split up words that have two middle consonants. For example: hap/pen, bas/ket, let/ter, sup/per, din/ner, and Den/nis. The only exceptions are the consonant digraphs. Never split up consonant digraphs as they really represent only one sound. The exceptions are "th", "sh", "ph", "th", "ch", and "wh". 3. Usually divide before a single middle consonant. When there is only one syllable, you usually divide in front of it, as in: "o/pen", "i/tem", "e/vil", and "re/port". The only exceptions are those times when the first syllable has an obvious short sound, as in "cab/in". 4. Divide before the consonant before an "-le" syllable. When you have a word that has the old-style spelling in which the "-le" sounds like "-el", divide before the consonant before the "-le". For example: "a/ble", "fum/ble", "rub/ble" "mum/ble" and "this/tle". The only exception to this are "ckle" words like "tick/le". Slide 25: 5. Divide off any compound words, prefixes, suffixes and roots which have vowel sounds. Split off the parts of compound words like "sports/car" and "house/boat". Divide off prefixes such at "un/happy", "pre/paid", or "re/write". Also divide off suffixes as in the words "farm/er", "teach/er", "hope/less" and "care/ful". In the word "stop/ping", the suffix is actually "-ping" because this word follows the rule that when you add "-ing" to a word with one syllable, you double the last consonant and add the "-ing". Accent Rules : Accent Rules When a word has more than one syllable, one of the syllables is always a little louder than the others. The syllable with the louder stress is the accented syllable. It may seem that the placement of accents in words is often random or accidental, but these are some rules that usually work. 1. Accents are often on the first syllable. Examples: ba'/sic, pro'/gram. 2. In words that have suffixes or prefixes, the accent is usually on the main root word. Examples: box'/es, un/tie'. 3. If de-, re-, ex-, in-,po-, pro-, or a- is the first syllable in a word, it is usually not accented. Examples: de/lay', ex/plore'. Slide 27: 4. Two vowel letters together in the last syllable of a word often indicates an accented last syllable. Examples: com/plain', con/ceal'. 5. When there are two like consonant letters within a word, the syllable before the double consonants is usually accented. Examples: be/gin'/ner, let'/ter. 6. The accent is usually on the syllable before the suffixes -ion, ity, -ic, -ical, -ian, -ial, or -ious, and on the second syllable before the suffix -ate. Examples: af/fec/ta'/tion, dif/fer/en'/ti/ate. 7. In words of three or more syllables, one of the first two syllables is usually accented. Examples: ac'/ci/dent, de/ter'/mine. Word-stress : Word-stress Two-syllable words Stress on first syllable ‘bargain ‘govern ‘secret ‘mischief ‘message ‘cabbage ‘surface ‘furnace ‘husband ‘butcher ‘proverb ‘thorough ‘oven ‘onion ‘compass Word-stress (continued)Two-syllable words : Word-stress (continued)Two-syllable words Stress on second syllable ad’mit for’bid suc’ced sup’press po’lice pay’ee dis’miss ag’ree se’lect re’quest pre’fer re’fer oc’cur ar’rest com’mence per’haps Word-stress (continued)Three-syllable words : Word-stress (continued)Three-syllable words Stress on first syllable ’advertise ’educate ’illustrate ’furniture ’government ’literature ’recognize ’signature ’tentative Stress on second syllable ad’venture com’mercial de’cision ex’ternal in’ternal per’mission re’vision spec’tator um’brella Word-stress (continued)Three-syllable words : Word-stress (continued)Three-syllable words Primary Stress on third syllable ,addres’see ,ciga’rette ,coin’cide ,devo’tee ,engi’neer ,guaran’tee ,recim’mend Word-stress (continued)Four-syllable words : Word-stress (continued)Four-syllable words Primary Stress on first syllable ’applicable ’accurately ’comfortable ’honourable Primary Stress on second syllable ad’vertisement ap’preciate a’rithmetic e’xaggerate par’ticipate pho’tography Word-stress (continued)words with more than four syllables : Word-stress (continued)words with more than four syllables Primary Stress on first syllable ‘favouritism ‘cannibalism ‘secularism Primary Stress on second syllable ad’venturousness en’thusiasm con’servatism Primary Stress on third syllable elec’tricity irre’sponsible popu’larity Primary Stress on fourth syllable acade’mician civili’zation pactici’pation Word-stress (continued)words with more than four syllables : Word-stress (continued)words with more than four syllables Primary Stress on first syllable ‘favouritism ‘cannibalism ‘secularism Primary Stress on second syllable ad’venturousness en’thusiasm con’servatism Primary Stress on third syllable elec’tricity irre’sponsible popu’larity Primary Stress on fourth syllable acade’mician civili’zation pactici’pation Word-stress (continued):stress change according to part of speech : Word-stress (continued):stress change according to part of speech COMPARE: Noun/Adjective Verb ’absent ab’sent ’accent ac’cent ’concert con’cert ’conflict con’flict ’export ex’port ’produce pro’duce ’subject sub’ject Attributes of good oral communication : Attributes of good oral communication 1.Sounds and sound combinations 2. Stress 3. Rhythm 4. Intonation 5. Speed: pausing 6. Clarity of articulation 7. Voice modulation: volume & pitch variation (avoiding “monotonous speech) Slide 37: THANKS AND BEST OF LUCK. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
word accents ppt nspadmavat Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 246 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: October 16, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: safina22 (16 month(s) ago) am a teacher ofd english as a foreign language. i would like you to help me in praparing lessons for my students. thank you Saving..... Post Reply Close By: nspadmavat (16 month(s) ago) which kind of help you expect from me. you can communicate me on my mail id nspadmavat@gmail.com. thanks. Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: safina22 (16 month(s) ago) am a teacher ofd english as a foreign language. i would like you to help me in praparing lessons for my students. thank you Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: vijay.suryawanshi (19 month(s) ago) This Presentation show's the History of English Accents in past years "Great Presentation" Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript English accents : English accents By Padmavat N.S. WORD ACCENTS : WORD ACCENTS The relative prominence of a particular syllable of a word by greater intensity or by variation or modulation of pitch or tone. . Vocal prominence or emphasis given to a particular syllable, word, or phrase. . A characteristic pronunciation, especially: a. One determined by the regional or social background of the speaker. b. One determined by the phonetic habits of the speaker's native language carried over to his or her use of another language. 4 A mark or symbol used in the printing and writing of certain languages to indicate the vocal quality to be given to a particular letter: an acute accent. Slide 3: . A mark or symbol used in printing and writing to indicate the stressed syllables of a spoken word. . Rhythmically significant stress in a line of verse. Music a. Emphasis or prominence given to a note or chord, as by an increase in volume or extended duration. a. A mark representing this. . Mathematics a. A mark used as a superscript to distinguish among variables represented by the same symbol. b. A mark used as a superscript to indicate the first derivative of a variable. . A mark or one of several marks used as a superscript to indicate a unit, such as feet () and inches (") in linear measurement. Slide 4: . a. A distinctive feature or quality, such as a feature that accentuates, contrasts with, or complements a decorative style. b. Something that accentuates or contrasts something else, as a touch of color that makes the features of an image stand out. . Particular importance or interest; emphasis: The accent is on comfort. See Synonyms at emphasis. tr.v. (ksnt, k-snt) ac·cent·ed, ac·cent·ing, ac·cents 1. To stress or emphasize the pronunciation of. . To mark with a printed accent. . To focus attention on; accentuate: a program that accents leadership development. Slide 5: accent - distinctive manner of oral expression; "he couldn't suppress his contemptuous accent"; "she had a very clear speech pattern" speech pattern pronunciation - the manner in which someone utters a word; "they are always correcting my pronunciation" drawl - a slow speech pattern with prolonged vowels. accent - special importance or significance; "the red light gave the central figure increased emphasis"; "the room was decorated in shades of grey with distinctive red accents" emphasis grandness, importance - a prominent status; "a person of importance" stress, focus - special emphasis attached to something; "the stress was more on accuracy than on speed" Slide 6: accent - the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people; "the immigrants spoke an odd dialect of English"; "he has a strong German accent"; "it has been said that a language is a dialect with an army and navy" dialect, idiom non-standard speech - speech that differs from the usual accepted, easily recognizable speech of native adult members of a speech community eye dialect - the use of misspellings to identify a colloquial or uneducated speaker patois - a regional dialect of a language (especially French); usually considered substandard spang, bang - leap, jerk, bang; "Bullets spanged into the trees" forrad, forrard, forward, forwards, frontward, frontwards - at or to or toward the front; "he faced forward"; "step forward"; "she practiced sewing backward as well as frontward on her new sewing machine"; (`forrad' and `forrard' are dialectal variations) Slide 7: accent - a diacritical mark used to indicate stress or placed above a vowel to indicate a special pronunciation accent mark language, linguistic communication - a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; "he taught foreign languages"; "the language introduced is standard throughout the text"; "the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written" diacritic, diacritical mark - a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation stress mark - a mark indicating the stress on a syllable acute, acute accent, ague - a mark (') placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation grave accent, grave - a mark (`) placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation Slide 8: Understand that in most British accents don't roll your '"R'"'s: (except those from the West Country, Liverpool, Northumbria, Northern Ireland, and parts of Scotland), but not all "British" accents are the same, ie: a Scottish accent varies greatly from an English accent. Pay attention to the tones and stress(emphasis) used throughout spoken sentences by British people. Do sentences generally end on a higher note, the same, or lower? How much variation is there in tone throughout a typical sentence? There is a huge variation between regions with tonality. Slide 9: Pronounce U in stupid and in duty with the ew sound: not oo as in an American accent; thus it is pronounced stewpid, not stoopid, etc. In the standard English accent, the A (for example, in father) is pronounced awr, and not like a as in apple. So pronounce "father" as "fawrthuh", or pronounce "can't" as "cawrn't". Get a British person to say well known sentences: "How now brown cow" and "The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain" and pay close attention. Rounded mouth vowels in words such as "about" in London, are usually flattened in Northern Ireland. Slide 10: Notice that two or more vowels together may prompt an extra syllable. For example, the word "road" would usually be pronounced rohd, but in Wales and with some people in Northern Ireland it might be pronounced ro.ord. Pronounce that T in "duty" as T: not as the American D as doody so that duty is pronounced dewty or a softer jooty. Pronounce the suffix -ing with the G: so it sounds like -ing rather than -een. But sometimes it is shortened to in as in lookin. The words human being are pronounced hewman being or yooman been in certain areas, though it could be pronounced hewman bee-in. Slide 11: Drop the Ts: sometimes Ts aren't pronounced at all, especially in words with two Ts grouped together. So battle might be pronounced Ba-ill, catching the air behind the back of the tongue at the end of the first syllable before expelling it on pronunciation of the second syllable. This is known as the glottal stop, and is uncommon in American English pronunciation. Dropping the 't' is considered to be lazy, so be aware that whilst you should be aware of it when listening, try not to speak like this yourself. Observe that H is not always pronounced: but the "H" is pronounced in the word "herb," in contrast to American erb. Realize that some words require the ee sound to be pronounced as in the word bean. In an American accent, this is often pronounced bin. In an English Accent, been may be pronounced as bean; or just as "bin", depending on where you go, though bin is probably more common. Phonetic Symbols : Phonetic Symbols (Pure Vowels/Monophthongs) initially medially finally 1. /i:/ east sheet key 2. /I/ it hit duty 3. /e / end send 4. /æ/ and sand 5. /a:/ art heart car 6. /ɒ/ ox fox Slide 13: initially medially finally 7. /ɔ:/ all ball saw 8. /U/ put 9. /u:/ ooze choose chew 10.// up cup 11./з:/ earn learn stir 12. /ə/ ago police maker Slide 14: 13. /eɪ/ eight straight stay 14. /əʊ/ oak joke slow 15. /aɪ/ ice mice my 16./aʊ/ out shout how 17. /ɔɪ/ oil boil boy 18. /ɪə/ ears beard peer 19. /eə/ airs paired hare 20. /uə/ cured tour Slide 15: initially medially finally 1. /p/ pin spin keep 2. /b/ bin tubs club 3. /t/ tell stick light 4. /d/ day heads laid 5. /k/ keep skill stick 6. /g/ get jugs bag Slide 16: initially medially finally 7. /ʧ/ chin reached teach 8. / ʤ / joke hinged large 9. /m/ met smoke team 10. /n/ net snake tin 11. /ŋ/ rings sing 12. /l/ lot fling full Slide 17: initially medially finally 13 /f/ fan soft if 14. /v/ van leaves thief 15. /ɵ/ thin months bath 16./ð/ then clothes bathe Slide 18: initially medially finally 17. /s/ sip list less 18. /z/ zip loser buzz 19. /ʃ/ ship rushed hush 20. /ʒ/ measure rouge Slide 19: initially medially finally 21. /h/ hot behave 22. /r/ rot try 23. /w/ watt sweat 24. /j/ yatch tune Phonics Rules : Phonics Rules The vowels are "a,e,i,o, and u"; also sometimes "y" & "w". This also includes the diphthongs "oi,oy,ou,ow,au,aw, oo" and many others. The consonants are all the other letters which stop or limit the flow of air from the throat in speech. They are: "b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,qu,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z,ch,sh,th,ph,wh, ng, and gh". 1. Sometimes the rules don't work. There are many exceptions in English because of the vastness of the language and the many languages from which it has borrowed. The rules do work however, in the majority of the words. 2. Every syllable in every word must have a vowel. English is a "vocal" language; Every word must have a vowel Slide 21: 3. "C" followed by "e, i or y" usually has the soft sound of "s". Examples: "cyst", "central", and "city". 4. "G" followed by "e, i or y" usually has the soft sound of "j". Example: "gem", "gym", and "gist". 5. When 2 consonants are joined together and form one new sound, they are a consonant digraph. They count as one sound and one letter and are never separated. Examples: "ch,sh,th,ph and wh". 6. When a syllable ends in a consonant and has only one vowel, that vowel is short. Examples: "fat, bed, fish, spot, luck". 7. When a syllable ends in a silent "e", the silent "e" is a signal that the vowel in front of it is long. Examples: "make, gene, kite, rope, and use". Slide 22: 8. When a syllable has 2 vowels together, the first vowel is usually long and the second is silent. Examples: "pain, eat, boat, res/cue, say, grow". NOTE: Diphthongs don't follow this rule; In a diphthong, the vowels blend together to create a single new sound. The diphthongs are: "oi,oy,ou,ow,au,aw, oo" and many others. 9. When a syllable ends in any vowel and is the only vowel, that vowel is usually long. Examples: "pa/per, me, I, o/pen, u/nit, and my". 10. When a vowel is followed by an "r" in the same syllable, that vowel is "r-controlled". It is not long nor short. "R-controlled "er,ir,and ur" often sound the same (like "er"). Examples: "term, sir, fir, fur, far, for, su/gar, or/der". Basic Syllable Rules : Basic Syllable Rules 1. To find the number of syllables: ---count the vowels in the word, ---subtract any silent vowels, (like the silent "e" at the end of a word or the second vowel when two vowels a together in a syllable) ---subtract one vowel from every diphthong, (diphthongs only count as one vowel sound.) ---the number of vowels sounds left is the same as the number of syllables. The number of syllables that you hear when you pronounce a word is the same as the number of vowels sounds heard. For example: The word "came" has 2 vowels, but the "e" is silent, leaving one vowel sound andone syllable. The word "outside" has 4 vowels, but the "e" is silent and the "ou" is a diphthong which counts as only one sound, so this word has only two vowels sounds and therefore, two syllables. Slide 24: 2. Divide between two middle consonants. Split up words that have two middle consonants. For example: hap/pen, bas/ket, let/ter, sup/per, din/ner, and Den/nis. The only exceptions are the consonant digraphs. Never split up consonant digraphs as they really represent only one sound. The exceptions are "th", "sh", "ph", "th", "ch", and "wh". 3. Usually divide before a single middle consonant. When there is only one syllable, you usually divide in front of it, as in: "o/pen", "i/tem", "e/vil", and "re/port". The only exceptions are those times when the first syllable has an obvious short sound, as in "cab/in". 4. Divide before the consonant before an "-le" syllable. When you have a word that has the old-style spelling in which the "-le" sounds like "-el", divide before the consonant before the "-le". For example: "a/ble", "fum/ble", "rub/ble" "mum/ble" and "this/tle". The only exception to this are "ckle" words like "tick/le". Slide 25: 5. Divide off any compound words, prefixes, suffixes and roots which have vowel sounds. Split off the parts of compound words like "sports/car" and "house/boat". Divide off prefixes such at "un/happy", "pre/paid", or "re/write". Also divide off suffixes as in the words "farm/er", "teach/er", "hope/less" and "care/ful". In the word "stop/ping", the suffix is actually "-ping" because this word follows the rule that when you add "-ing" to a word with one syllable, you double the last consonant and add the "-ing". Accent Rules : Accent Rules When a word has more than one syllable, one of the syllables is always a little louder than the others. The syllable with the louder stress is the accented syllable. It may seem that the placement of accents in words is often random or accidental, but these are some rules that usually work. 1. Accents are often on the first syllable. Examples: ba'/sic, pro'/gram. 2. In words that have suffixes or prefixes, the accent is usually on the main root word. Examples: box'/es, un/tie'. 3. If de-, re-, ex-, in-,po-, pro-, or a- is the first syllable in a word, it is usually not accented. Examples: de/lay', ex/plore'. Slide 27: 4. Two vowel letters together in the last syllable of a word often indicates an accented last syllable. Examples: com/plain', con/ceal'. 5. When there are two like consonant letters within a word, the syllable before the double consonants is usually accented. Examples: be/gin'/ner, let'/ter. 6. The accent is usually on the syllable before the suffixes -ion, ity, -ic, -ical, -ian, -ial, or -ious, and on the second syllable before the suffix -ate. Examples: af/fec/ta'/tion, dif/fer/en'/ti/ate. 7. In words of three or more syllables, one of the first two syllables is usually accented. Examples: ac'/ci/dent, de/ter'/mine. Word-stress : Word-stress Two-syllable words Stress on first syllable ‘bargain ‘govern ‘secret ‘mischief ‘message ‘cabbage ‘surface ‘furnace ‘husband ‘butcher ‘proverb ‘thorough ‘oven ‘onion ‘compass Word-stress (continued)Two-syllable words : Word-stress (continued)Two-syllable words Stress on second syllable ad’mit for’bid suc’ced sup’press po’lice pay’ee dis’miss ag’ree se’lect re’quest pre’fer re’fer oc’cur ar’rest com’mence per’haps Word-stress (continued)Three-syllable words : Word-stress (continued)Three-syllable words Stress on first syllable ’advertise ’educate ’illustrate ’furniture ’government ’literature ’recognize ’signature ’tentative Stress on second syllable ad’venture com’mercial de’cision ex’ternal in’ternal per’mission re’vision spec’tator um’brella Word-stress (continued)Three-syllable words : Word-stress (continued)Three-syllable words Primary Stress on third syllable ,addres’see ,ciga’rette ,coin’cide ,devo’tee ,engi’neer ,guaran’tee ,recim’mend Word-stress (continued)Four-syllable words : Word-stress (continued)Four-syllable words Primary Stress on first syllable ’applicable ’accurately ’comfortable ’honourable Primary Stress on second syllable ad’vertisement ap’preciate a’rithmetic e’xaggerate par’ticipate pho’tography Word-stress (continued)words with more than four syllables : Word-stress (continued)words with more than four syllables Primary Stress on first syllable ‘favouritism ‘cannibalism ‘secularism Primary Stress on second syllable ad’venturousness en’thusiasm con’servatism Primary Stress on third syllable elec’tricity irre’sponsible popu’larity Primary Stress on fourth syllable acade’mician civili’zation pactici’pation Word-stress (continued)words with more than four syllables : Word-stress (continued)words with more than four syllables Primary Stress on first syllable ‘favouritism ‘cannibalism ‘secularism Primary Stress on second syllable ad’venturousness en’thusiasm con’servatism Primary Stress on third syllable elec’tricity irre’sponsible popu’larity Primary Stress on fourth syllable acade’mician civili’zation pactici’pation Word-stress (continued):stress change according to part of speech : Word-stress (continued):stress change according to part of speech COMPARE: Noun/Adjective Verb ’absent ab’sent ’accent ac’cent ’concert con’cert ’conflict con’flict ’export ex’port ’produce pro’duce ’subject sub’ject Attributes of good oral communication : Attributes of good oral communication 1.Sounds and sound combinations 2. Stress 3. Rhythm 4. Intonation 5. Speed: pausing 6. Clarity of articulation 7. Voice modulation: volume & pitch variation (avoiding “monotonous speech) Slide 37: THANKS AND BEST OF LUCK.