EPILEPSY :EPILEPSY By Irfan Ullah M.I.O,NSC Peshawar


EPILEPSY :EPILEPSY Epilepsy is a disorder in which people experience repeated seizures. It is a condition that affects the electrical activity of the brain, making a person likely to have seizure.


SEIZURES :SEIZURES It is defined as hyper-excitement of the neurons in the brain that may lead to a number of symptoms, which vary depending on where the disruption occurs in the brain and where the abnormal electrical activity spreads. For instance, the symptoms of a partial seizure might only be tingling in a finger, while a generalized seizure can cause a daydreaming-like effect or a loss of consciousness, along with uncontrollable jerking motions.


BRAIN PARTS :BRAIN PARTS


NEURON :NEURON


IONS & NEURON :IONS & NEURON


Action Potential :Action Potential


SYNAPSE :SYNAPSE


SYNAPSE :SYNAPSE


NEUROTRANSMITTERS :NEUROTRANSMITTERS


NEUROTRANSMITTERS :NEUROTRANSMITTERS


Synthesis of neurotransmitters :Synthesis of neurotransmitters A. Peptide: (1) A precursor peptide is synthesized in the rER(2) precursor peptide is cleaved in the Golgi bodies to yield the active neurotransmitter (3) secretary vesicles containing the peptide bud off from the Golgi bodies(4) secretary granules are transported down the axon to the terminal where the peptide is stored. B.Amine and amino acid neurotransmitters: (1) Enzymes convert precursor molecules into neurotransmitter molecules in the cytosol(2) transporter proteins load the neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles in the terminal, where they are stored.


Synthesis of neurotransmitters :Synthesis of neurotransmitters


CAUSE OF SEIZURES :CAUSE OF SEIZURES


Causes of Epilepsy :Causes of Epilepsy


Classification of Seizures :Classification of Seizures


Classification of Seizures :Classification of Seizures


Classification of Seizures :Classification of Seizures A. Primary Generalized Seizure B. Partial Seizure C. Partial Seizure with Secondary Generalization


Classification of Seizures :Classification of Seizures


Partial Seizures :Partial Seizures It begin in one place in the brain, called the seizure focus, and affect only part of the brain. Depending on where they start and which parts of the brain they involve, partial seizures may or may not alter consciousness or awareness.


Simple Partial Seizures :Simple Partial Seizures Remain conscious. Aware of Environment. Contraction of one part of body i.e. finger, hand etc. No Aura. Discharge localized.


Simple Partial Seizures :Simple Partial Seizures


Aura :Aura An aura is another name for a simple partial seizure. It often serves as a warning that a bigger seizure will follow.


Complex Partial Seizures :Complex Partial Seizures Consciousness is impaired. Unaware of Environment. Aura is present. Contraction of one part of body i.e. finger, hand etc. Discharge localized.


Complex Partial Seizures :Complex Partial Seizures


Generalized Seizures :Generalized Seizures In generalized seizures, abnormal excessive electricity occurs throughout the whole brain at once, with no apparent focal point of onset or warning beforehand. Generalized seizures alter consciousness. They can be convulsive or non-convulsive.


GENERALIZED SEIZURES :GENERALIZED SEIZURES Tonic clonic Seizures Tonic seizures Atonic seizures Absences seizures Myoclonic seizures


Tonic Colonic Seizures :Tonic Colonic Seizures


Absence Seizures :Absence Seizures


Myclonic Seizures :Myclonic Seizures


TRIGGERING OF SEIZURES :TRIGGERING OF SEIZURES Different things can trigger seizures in people with epilepsy. By many factors, including: Missing a dose of medication Tiredness Missing meals Taking illicit drugs Increased stress level Flashing lights Drinking alcohol Overheating or overexertion (hyperthermia)


DIAGNOSIS :DIAGNOSIS Patient History Neurological Examination CSF Examination EEG MRI CT


RISK FACTORS :RISK FACTORS Metabolic changes Electrolyte disturbance Oxygen shortage Excess carbon dioxide Lack of sleep Emotional stimuli Drugs


Epilepsy Video :Epilepsy Video


Epilepsy Video :Epilepsy Video


Epilepsy Video :Epilepsy Video