Food for everyone

Food For Everyone: 

Food For Everyone Nishat Passricha

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900 million people experience the hardship that hunger imposes on them, this figure rise in last three year because world food prices scale touches the new peaks. ( FAO-2009) Despite a number of government programmes malnutrition figure not coming down in India. M S Swaminathan Research Foundation(MSSRF). The report  of Food Insecurity in Rural India tries says that the number of undernourished people is rising, Slowing growth in food production and declining purchasing power of the poor in India are combining to weaken the food security. Government has made allocation of 5MT wheat on subsidized rate to BPL families in 2011. This impose additional load on production. Introduction

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One of the most important cereal crops of world both in terms of area and production. Cheapest source of carbohydrates and proteins Staple food for about one third population of the world. Important source of dietary carbohydrates in Indian vegetarian diet. Wheat is now a major food staple in India, crucial to India’s food economy and security. Production reaching 91 to 97 million tons(2010-11). India’s wheat economy is the second largest in the world. About Wheat

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Major component of crop plant yield in the world Major source of calories in the human diet Important raw material for industrial processes (e.g. potato & maize ). A major component of food, feed and cloth. Used for texturizing and to provide specific functionalities in processed foods. Starting material for ethanol production. Broad applications in the paper and textile industries. Owing to their biodegradable and renewable nature, they are increasingly being considered as an environmentally-friendly alternative to the use of synthetic additives . Importance of Starch

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Photon Photon Water-splitting photosystem NADPH-producing photosystem ATP mill Two types of photosystems cooperate in the light reactions

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The production of ATP by chemiosmosis in photosynthesis Thylakoid compartment (high H + ) Thylakoid membrane Stroma (low H + ) Light Antenna molecules Light ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOTOSYSTEM I ATP SYNTHASE

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A Photosynthesis Road Map Chloroplast Light Stack of thylakoids ADP + P NADP  Stroma Light reactions Calvin cycle Sugar used for  Cellular respiration  Cellulose  Starch  Other organic compounds

Synthesis of Starch and Sucrose: 

chloroplast Photosynthetic cell Synthesis of Starch and Sucrose Sucrose is principal photosynthetic product accounts for most of CO 2 absorbed important storage sugar tap root of carrots and sugar beet (up to 20% dry weight) and in leaves, eg 25% leaf dry weight in ivy major form for translocation of carbon from photosynthetic leaves (source leaves) in germinating seedlings after starch or lipid breakdown sucrose starch 1,3 bisPGA PGA CO 2 RuBP Triose P RuBP = ribulose 1,5-bis-phosphate (pentose) 3-PGA = 3-phosphoglycerate 1,3 bisPGA = 1,3 bis-phosphoglycerate

Sugar Translocation is Essential: 

Sugar Translocation is Essential Sugars required for metabolism all the time, in all tissues Sugars produced only by source tissues in light period Translocation occurs source to sink over short term from storage tissues to young tissues over long term

Starch is made in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic cells: 

Photosynthetic cell transitory starch storage green leaves Starch is made in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic cells amyloplast Non-photosynthetic cell long-term starch storage roots, tubers, seeds starch chloroplast sucrose Triose P starch sucrose

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Enzymes of Starch Synthesis

starch biosynthesis is regulated by ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase: 

starch biosynthesis is regulated by ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

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Importance of studies on enzyme activity for starch biosynthesis…. To improve the starch yield of major crops e.g. wheat, maize and rice. Acquire starches with desirable functionalities and high value Suitable starting materials for chemical and enzymatic modifications. Modified digestibility or degradability as food, feed, and industrial raw materials. Unique granular and nano structures for high-end uses, e.g. as carriers for c ontrolled release.

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Strategies used for work Disomic chromosomal substitution lines were taken for studying the effect of specific pair of chromosome. Enzyme were isolated and activity was measured for each line. Correlation of trait under consideration (AGPase activity) was studied with Yield and significant relation was used to draw the conclusion. What is disomic chromosomal substitution lines?

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COMPLETE DISOMIC SERIES 21 Disomic Substitution Lines

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Sr. No. Wheat lines Av. AGP Activity at 14 DAA* Av. AGP Activity at 21 DAA* AV. AGP Activity at 28 DAA* 1 C.S 0.15 14.51 0.25 2 3A 0.26 14.22 0.29 3 6A 0.38 14.28 0.30 4 1B 0.29 14.27 0.19 5 2B 0.19 14.19 0.38 6 4B 0.15 14.22 0.31 7 5B 0.24 14.28 0.16 8 2D 0.34 14.91 0.21 9 7D 0.35 14.33 0.14 10 C591 0.09 14.59 0.16 11 Range 0.09-0.38 14.19-14.91 0.14-0.38 12 Mean 0.25 14.2 0.26 *-(n moles NADPH min -1 g -1 mL) Computational data of wheat lines for AGPase

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1000 Gr Wt AGP1 AGP2 AGP3 GGR 1 GGR 2 GGR 3 Days to Anthesis AGP1 0.248 AGP2 0.197 0.144 AGP3 0.115 0.318 0.127 GGR 1 0.254 0.248 0.006 0.001 GGR 2 0.090 0.139 0.061 0.338 0.116 GGR 3 0.767 ** 0.007 0.367 0.091 0.204 0.066 Days to Anthesis 0.784 ** 0.009 -0.186 0.006 0.282 0.286 -0.742 ** Average Sp Wt 0.585 ** 0.282 0.179 0.064 0.437 * 0.086 0.615 ** 0.650 ** Phenotypic Correlation Coefficient Matrix of 9 Characters in Disomic Substitution Lines

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Sr. No. Wheat lines Av. GGR at 14 DAA Av. GGR at 21 DAA Av. GGR at 28 DAA 1 C.S 0.41 0.51 0.48 2 3A 0.26 0.43 0.35 3 6A 0.35 0.41 0.46 4 1B 0.54 0.51 0.21 5 2B 0.27 0.46 0.58 6 4B 1.48 0.19 0.39 7 5B 0.26 0.46 0.65 8 2D 0.31 0.48 0.55 9 7D 0.89 2.74 0.45 10 C591 0.59 0.59 0.52 11 Range 0.26-1.48 0.19-2.74 0.21-0.65 12 Mean 0.62 0.67 0.51 Computational data of wheat lines for Grain Growth Rate

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Association between wheat yield characteristics and AGPase enzyme activity suggest, there are more than one gene(s) for AGPase activity. They most probably are located on chromosome 2D, 6A and 2B. GGR These operates at 14, 21 and 28 days respectively. AGPase enzyme activity at 21 DAA is the most crucial determinant of grain yield and grain attributes. Thus AGPase activity could be used as a consistent biochemical marker for an early selection of high yielding variety. Results Conclusion: Chromosome 2D carries gene(s) controlling the AGPase activity at 21 DAA and leads to higher starch biosynthesis & bold grains.

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Future Prospectus Chromosome 2D carry gene(s) controlling the AGPase activity at 21 DAA and leads to higher starch biosynthesis, which is the main component of grain yield. This line may find place in future breeding program aimed at breeding for higher productivity . The observations on activity of AGPase in relation to grain growth rate at 21suggests DAA to be the most crucial stage of grain development and enhancing grain yields . The wheat plant having short vegetative phase of development with a prolonged grain filling period would be an ideal plant type that can be achieved by incorporating 2D and 6A DSCs in the hybridization programmes .

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Thanks……. May God P rovide F ood to Everyone…...

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Questions?