GLOBAL WARMING -UNESCO conference

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By Dr.C.Thomson Jacob, Senior Programme Officer, ENVIS Centre, Department of Environment. Climate Change Issues in India

Global Warming : 

Global Warming Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected continuation. The average global air temperature near the Earth's surface increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 100 years ending in 2005. Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Greenhouse effect : 

Greenhouse effect Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 240 Watt per m3 343 Watt per m3 103 Watt per m3

Co2 Concentration in 2007 : 

Co2 Concentration in 2007 The 2007 rise in global carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations is tied with 2005 as the third highest since atmospheric measurements began in 1958. The red line shows the trend together with seasonal variations. The black line indicates the trend that emerges when the seasonal cycle has been removed. (Credit: NOAA)

Greenhouse gases : 

Greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Source: Kyoto Protocol- Annexure A Natural Manmade

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Source: Dr L Gohar and Prof K Shine, Dept. of Meteorology, University of Reading Rising levels of greenhouse gases Source: Stern Review

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Energy utilisation

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India TN Energy Production COAL RE TN vs India

Impacts of Climate Change : 

Impacts of Climate Change Forests Biodiversity Agriculture Coastlines Impact of rise in temperature of 1.8oC to 4oC

Climate Change Impact in India : 

Climate Change Impact in India Rajasthan- Drought Rann of Kutch – sea level rise Mumbai-Salt water intrusion Kerala –Productivity of Forest Tamil Nadu-Coral bleaching Ganges – Sedimentation problem Sunderbans-Sea level raise Northwest India-reduction In rice yield

Effect on apple cultivation : 

Effect on apple cultivation Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh Experienced a number of crop failures in the last 15 years Apple belt has moved 30 kilometers [northwards] over the last 50 years Apple growers, says attributed poor production to reduced snowfall and its changed timing. Case study:1 Impact on Agriculture

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Source: Journal of Ecological Anthropology Vol. 10 2006

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Shift in Agriculture Apple cultivation is affected in Kullu Valley Apple belt has moved 30 KM nothwards Forest resources were removed

2. Ganga under threat from warming : 

2. Ganga under threat from warming Himalayan source of the Ganga is drying up at a rate of 40 yards a year, nearly twice as fast as two decades ago, and that some of these glaciers might disappear by 2030. In the dry summer months, the Gangotri glacier provides up to 70 percent of the water of the Ganga. According to a UN climate report, the shrinking glaciers also threaten Asia’s supply of fresh water. Source: New Indian Express

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Source: New Indian Express

3. Impact on Coastal Orissa : 

3. Impact on Coastal Orissa The Satavaya region, once a cluster of seven villages. Only two out of the seven villages exists the other five villages have been submerged. The Coastal villages have been affected by cyclone and floods killing more than 30,000 people. The sea has ingressed to about 1.5 km into Satavaya and 2.5 km into Kanakpur. Satavaya has also lost 56% of its mangrove vegetation.

Global Impacts : 

Global Impacts The largest glacier on Mount Kenya has lost 92% of its mass Sea levels have risen by 10 - 25 cm The thickness of sea ice in the arctic has decreased by 40%.

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The Common Murre has advanced breeding by 24 days per decade over the past 50 years in response to higher temperatures.

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The Baltimore oriole is shifting northward and may soon disappear entirely from the Baltimore area.

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Polar bear populations are coming under threat as food becomes harder to hunt.

India’s Initiatives : 

India’s Initiatives Signed UNFCC on 10th June 1992 India ratified the Kyoto protocol India has a National Action Plan on Climate Change National Solar Mission National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency National Mission on Sustainable Habitat National Water Mission National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem National Mission for a “ Green India” National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture National Mission on Strategic Mission on Climate Change

India’s Initiatives : 

India’s Initiatives India has a well developed policy, legislative regulatory & programmatic regime For promotion of Energy efficiency, renewable energy, nuclear power, fuel switching, energy pricing reform addressing GHG emission

Per-capita Carbon –dioxide emission (Metric Tons) : 

Per-capita Carbon –dioxide emission (Metric Tons)

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The impacts of climate change are not evenly distributed – the poorest countries and people will suffer earliest and most. And if and when the damages appear it will be too late to reverse the process. Thus we are forced to look a long way ahead.

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THANK YOU