RESPIRATORY SYSTEM :RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


Introduction :Introduction The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body The respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide This exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means of getting oxygen to the blood.


Organs involved in respiration :Organs involved in respiration The respiratory system is made up of the organs involved in the interchanges of gases, and consists of the: nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs The upper respiratory tract includes the: nose nasal cavity ethmoidal air cells frontal sinuses maxillary sinus larynx trachea The lower respiratory tract includes the: lungs bronchi alveoli


Organs (cont) :Organs (cont) LUNGS The lungs take in oxygen, which cells need to live and carry out their normal functions. The lungs also get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product of the body's cells The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped organs made up of spongy, pinkish-grey tissue The lungs are enveloped in a membrane called the pleura. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum The right lung has three sections, called lobes. The left lung has two lobes


Organs (cont) :Organs (cont) TRACHEA The trachea is sometimes called the windpipe. The trachea filters the air we breathe and branches into the bronchi. Trachea is a common biological term for an airway through which respiratory air transport takes place in organisms BRONCHI A bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a caliber of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. No gas exchange takes place in this part of the lungs. The bronchi are two air tubes that branch off of the trachea and carry air directly into the lungs. DIAPHRAGM Breathing starts with a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs called the diaphragm. When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts. When it contracts it flattens out and pulls downward. This movement enlarges the space that the lungs are in. This larger space pulls air into the lungs. When you breathe out, the diaphragm expands reducing the amount of space for the lungs and forcing air out. The diaphragm is the main muscle used in breathing


MEDICAL TERMS :MEDICAL TERMS 1. rhinitis - Inflammation of the nose 2. sinusitis - Inflammation of the sinuses 3. laryngitis - Inflammation of the larynx 4. tonsillitis - Inflammation of the tonsils 5. acute bronchitis &chronic bronchitis - Inflammation of the bronchus 6. pneumonia - Inflammatory process of lung tissue 7. acute respiratory distress syndrome - Symptoms seen in premature (ARDS) children and small children. It is caused because of the immaturity of the lungs which has developed surfactant. 8. asthma - Narrowing of the airways resulting in dyspnea, cough and wheezing


MEDICAL TERMS (cont) :MEDICAL TERMS (cont) 9. emphysema - Is a condition in which the alveoli loses elasticity and there is shortness of breath 10. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - A condition in which the respiratory passage becomes narrow and there is difficulty with oxygenation. 11. tuberculosis - Respiratory infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. 12. respiratory acidosis-Excessive acidity of body fluids and abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the body 13. atelectasis - Decreased or absent air in the entire or part of a lung, with resulting loss of lung volume. Collapse of lung tissue preventing respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide 14. coryza - Acute rhinitis. 15. croup - Acute respiratory condition characterized by resonant barking cough and dyspnea


Slide 9:16. empyema - Pus in a body cavity especially in plural cavity. 17. epistaxis - Bleeding from the nose 18. influenza - Acute contagious respiratory infection with sudden onset of fever, chills, headache and muscle pain. 19. CA lung - Cancer of the lungs, primary cause of which is cigarette smoking. 20. pleural effusion - Collection of fluid in the pleural space 21. stridor - A harsh high pitched breathing sound 22. bronchiectasis - chronic dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles. 23. cystic fibrosis - A disorder with accumulation of excessively hick mucus normal secretion of sweat and saliva 24. egophony - Abnormal voice like the bleating of a goat 25. epiglottis - Flap of elastic cartilage covering the opening of wind pipe


Slide 10:26. fermidus - A thrill of vibration that can be felt by the hand on the chest 27. hemoptysis - Expectoration of blood or coughing out blood 28. flaring - Widening of an area with redness 29. arthopnea - Difficulty in breathing unless in an upright position 30. pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs 31. tachypnea - Fast rate of breathing 32. bradypnea - Slow rate of breathing 33. wheezing - Breathing with difficulty and with a whistling sound. 34. hemothorax - Presence of blood in the chest cavity 35. pneumothorax - Presence of air in the chest cavity 36. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - Difficulty in breathing during the night 37. pulmonary edema - Edema of lungs usually from mitral stenosis or left ventricular failure


Slide 11:38. Pulmonary embolism - Blood clot or air bubble in the pulmonary artery which blocks that artery 39. dysphagia - Difficulty in swallowing 40. dyspnea - Difficulty breathing 41. rales - Abnormal crackling sound made during inspiration 42. rhonchi - A musical sound made during inspiration 43. sputum - Mucus that is coughed out 44. histoplasmosis - Fungal disease from chicken and pigeon dropping 45. hypoxemia - Deficient oxygenation of blood 46. laryngitis - Inflammation of the larynx 47. pertussis - Whooping cough 48. pneumoconiosis - Allergy to pollen dust, etc 49. silicosis - Allergy to silicon material 50. sarcoidosis - Chronic progressive disease of lungs 51. phlegm - Thick mucus secreted by respiratory tract membranes 52. purulent - puss filled sputum


LABORATORY TEST :LABORATORY TEST Sputum test - Culture and sensitivity test. Staining - Acid fast Bacilli (AFB), grams staining Blood Test - WBC, RBC, differential count, blood gas


DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES :DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES X-ray MRI CT Pulmonary angiography Tomography Spirometry Bronchoscopy Lung biopsy Pleural biopsy Sputum cytology Endotracheal intubations


TREATMENT PROCEDURES :TREATMENT PROCEDURES Lobectomy Pleurectomy Pneumonectomy Thoracostomy Tracheostomy