Slide 1:The Circulatory System


The 3 main parts of TheCirculatory system :The 3 main parts of TheCirculatory system The Heart The Blood Vessels Blood


Slide 3:THE HEART


Parts of The Heart :Parts of The Heart The Atria -Receiving Chambers The Ventricles -Pumping Chambers The Valves -Controls Flow The Septum -Divides the Heart


LAYERS OF THE HEART :LAYERS OF THE HEART Pericardium (Outer layer) Myocardium (Muscular layer) Endocardium (Inner layer)


CHAMBERS OF THE HEART :CHAMBERS OF THE HEART The heart has four chambers. The upper two are the right and left atria. The lower two are the right and left ventricles. The atria are the receiving chambers of the heart, receiving blood flowing back to the heart. The ventricles are the chambers of the heart that pump the blood out of the heart


HEART VALVES :HEART VALVES The valves of the heart are located within the chambers of the heart and are critical to the proper flow of blood through the heart. THE FOUR VALVES OF THE HEART The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle. The pulmonary or pulmonic valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The mitral valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle. The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta


HOW THE HEART PUMPS BLOOD :HOW THE HEART PUMPS BLOOD THE RIGHT HEART PUMP The right heart pump consists of the right atrium (RA), tricuspid valve (TV), right ventricle (RV), pulmonic valve (PV), and pulmonary artery (PA).Poorly oxygenated blood returning to the heart from the body's organs enters the right atrium, and is stored there until the right atrium contracts. When the right atrium contracts, the tricuspid valve opens, allowing the blood to enter the right ventricle. Then, when the right ventricle contracts, the pulmonic valve opens, and the blood is propelled into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen


HOW THE HEART PUMPS BLOOD (cont) :HOW THE HEART PUMPS BLOOD (cont) THE LEFT HEART PUMP The left heart pump consists of the left atrium (LA), mitral valve (MV), left ventricle (LV), aortic valve (AV), and aorta (Ao). Well oxygenated blood returning to the heart from the lungs enters the left atrium, and is stored there until the left atrium contracts. When the left atrium contracts, the mitral valve opens, allowing the blood to enter the left ventricle . Then, when the left ventricle contracts, the aortic valve opens, and the blood is propelled into aorta, the main artery of the body. The aorta then carries the blood throughout the body.


Slide 10:Blood Vessels


Types of Blood Vessels :Types of Blood Vessels Arteries -Carry blood away from the Heart -The Aorta is the largest artery Veins -Carry blood away from the Heart -Veins contain valves -The Vena Cava is the largest vein Capillaries -Known as the “Distribution Pipes”


Slide 12:Blood


The Composition of Blood :The Composition of Blood The Plasma (Fluid) makes up 55% of the blood volume. The Solids (Cells) make up 45% of the blood volume.


Blood Plasma :Blood Plasma 97% Water Other 3% -Antibodies and Proteins - Nutrients and Wastes


Blood Solids :Blood Solids Red Blood Cells -Carry oxygen -Contain Hemoglobin White Blood Cells -Attack bacteria & other invaders Platelets -Control the blood clotting process


FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM :FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM As blood begins to circulate, blood deficient in oxygen flows through two large veins, the venae cavae. Oxygen poor blood enters the right side of the heart and travels through that side into the pulmonary artery, a vessel that divides into two, one branch leads to the left lung and the other to the right lung The pulmonary artery is unusual in that it is only artery in the body that carries blood deficient in oxygen While passing through the lung capillaries, blood absorbs the oxygen that entered the body during inhalation. The newly oxygenated blood next returns immediately to the heart through pulmonary veins.


FUNCTION (cont) :FUNCTION (cont) The pulmonary veins are unusual in that they are the only veins in the body that carry oxygen-rich blood. Oxygen-rich blood enters the left side of the heart from the pulmonary veins. The muscles in the left side of the heart pump the blood out of the heart through the largest single artery in the body, the aorta. The aorta moves up at first and then arches over dorsally and runs downward jus tin front of the vertebral column. The aorta divides into numerous branches called arteries that carry the oxygenated blood to all parts of your body


CORONARY ARTERIES :CORONARY ARTERIES The coronary arteries carry blood to the heart muscle Because the heart muscle is continuously working, it has a very high requirement for oxygenated blood which supplies that blood. Two major coronary arteries arise from the aorta – the right coronary artery (RCA) and the left main artery (LM).


HEARTBEAT AND HEART SOUNDS :HEARTBEAT AND HEART SOUNDS There are two phases of the heartbeat. Diastole - occurs when he ventricle walls relax and blood flows into the heart from the vena cavae and the pulmonary veins. The tricuspid and the mitral valves are open in diastole and the pulmonary and aortic valves are closed. Systole occurs next, as the walls of the right and left ventricles contract to pump blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta. Both tricuspid and the mitral valves are closed during systole


PACE MAKER :PACE MAKER Natural pacemaker The natural pacemaker of the heart is the sinus node, one of the major elements in the cardiac conduction system, the system that controls the heart rate Artificial pacemaker A pacemaker is an electronic device used to treat patients who have symptoms caused by abnormally slow heartbeats. A pacemaker is capable of keeping track of the patient's heartbeats.


BLOOD PRESSURE :BLOOD PRESSURE Blood pressure is the force that the blood exerts on the arterial walls. This pressure is measured by a device called the sphygmomanometer


MEDICAL TERMS :MEDICAL TERMS 1. arrhythmias - variation from normal rhythm 2. heart block - Impairment of conduction in the heart. 3. flutter - irregularity of heart beat. 4. fibrillation (atrial and ventricular) - a vibratory movement of muscle fibers of the heart. 5. ischemia - deficiency in blood supply to any part of a body. 6. angina - constricting chest pain. 7. angina pectoris - cardiac pain that occurs on exertion owing to insufficient blood. 8. endocarditis - inflammation of the endocardium. 9. pericarditis - inflammation of the pericardium 10. rheumatic heart disease - disease of the heart resulting from rheumatic fever caused by streptococcus. 11. bradycardia - slow heart beat or pulse rate.


Medical term (cont) :Medical term (cont) 14. angiostenosis - narrowing of blood vessels 15. arterio sclerotic heart disease - hardening of the coronary artery and gradual loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries due to thickening or hardening. 16. coronary artery disease - disease affecting the blood vessels which supply the heart. 17. deep vein thrombosis - formation of blood clot in deep vein. 18. myocardial infarction - inadequate blood supply to heart muscles leading to necrosis.(heart attack) 19. thrombophlebitis - inflammation of the vein due to blood clot. 20. palpitation - patient’s awareness of the heart beat


Slide 24:21. congenital heart disease - diseases which is got by birth. (i) Coarcation of the aorta: Deformity of the aorta causing narrowing of the lumen of the vessels. (ii) Patent ductus arteriosus: Failure of ductus arteriosus to close. (iii) Septal defect: Defect in the septum of the heart. (a) arterial septal defect. (b) ventricular septal defect (iv) Tetrology of fallot. There are 4 defects in it (a) Pulmonary stenosis (b) Interventricular septal defect (c) overriding of the aorta. (d) hypertrophy of the right ventricle


Medical terms (cont) :Medical terms (cont) 22. edema - excessive amount of fluid in the body tissue 23. cyanosis - A bluish discoloration of the discoloration of the skin and mucus membrane caused by imperfect oxygenation of tissues. 24. systole - period of contraction of the heart especially the ventricles. 25. diastole - phase of relaxation of the heart 26. gallop - abnormal rhythm of heart which occurs in ventricular overload. 27. cardiac arrest - complete cessation of the function of the heart. 28. cardiopulmonary Resuscitation(CPR) - an emergency medical procedure for a victim of cardia arrest or, in some circumstances, respiratory arrest 29. arteritis - inflammation of the arteries. 30. aneurysm - a local dilation of a blood vessel usually occurring in arteries.


Medical terms (cont) :Medical terms (cont) 31. Raynaud’s disease - a vascular disorder that effects the blood flow to the extremities such as fingers, toes, tip of your nose and your ears when exposed to temperature change or stress. 32. varicose veins - dilated, twisted condition of the veins most commonly affecting those in the legs and feet since standing and walking upright increases the pressure in the veins in your lower body. 33. atheroma - abnormal mass of lipid material with a fibrous covering existing as a raised plague within the artery. 34.atherospirosis - Thrombus formation in an atheromatous vessel 35. arterial embolism - Arterial embolism is a sudden interruption of blood flow to an organ or body part due to a clot


Medical terms (cont) :Medical terms (cont) 36. arteriosclerosis - hardening of arteries 37. atherosclerosis - a condition in which patchy deposits of fatty material develop on the insides of the arteries resulting in hardening of arteries 38. cardiomyopathy - weakening of heart muscles 39. asphyxia - lack of oxygen leading to unconsciousness 40. hypercholesterolemia - excessive fat 41. mitral valve prolapse - a condition in which the valve between your heart's left upper chamber (left atrium) and the left lower chamber (left ventricle) doesn't close properly 42. phlebitis - inflammation of the vein 44. sinus rhythm - normal heart beat, S1, S2 45. thrombus - A blood clot in a blood vessel 46. valvular insufficiency - failure of heart valve to close completely causing leakage


LABORATORY TESTS :LABORATORY TESTS Lipid profile - cholesterol level HDL-High density lipoprotein LDL-Low density lipoprotein Coagulation Profile - Bleeding time (BT) Clotting time (CT) Prothrombin time (PT) Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Electrolytes - Serum electrolysis, sodium, potassium, floride, bicarbonate, CPK (creatine phosphokinase) for MI patients, CPKMB (myocardial band enzymes of CPK).


DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES :DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) Angiography Treadmill stress test Holter monitoring test Echo cardiogram Doppler Ultrasound Color Doppler (monitoring block in the vein) Cardiac scan Cardiac catheterization Cardiac MRI Echocardiography Thallium stress test Arteriography


TREATMENT PROCEDURES :TREATMENT PROCEDURES Angioplasty and balloon angioplasty Valve replacement Pacemaker implantation Cardiac catheterization, angiogram Coronary bypass surgery Heart transplantation. Anuerysmectomy Arterygraft Cardiotomy Cardioversion Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) Embolectomy Labile hypertension Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) Phlebectomy Thrombectomy Valvotomy