A Brief History of Computers :A Brief History of Computers


ABACUS :ABACUS 2000-500 BC Babylonians or Chinese


Abacus :Abacus


Early Calculators :Early Calculators 1614 John Napier, Napier’s Rods - multiply, divide, square roots 1623 Wilhelm Schickard, Calculating Clock reconstructed in 1960 1625 slide rule invented 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, the first “digital calulator”


Napier’s Bones :Napier’s Bones


Schickard’s Calculator :Schickard’s Calculator


Slide Rule :Slide Rule


The Pascaline :The Pascaline


Early Caluclators :Early Caluclators 1822 Charles Babbage Mechanical computing machine. Too complicated to build until 1853


Babbage’s “Difference Engine” :Babbage’s “Difference Engine”


Vacuum Tube :Vacuum Tube 1906 Lee Forest invented the “Electronic Valve” This made digital electronic computers possible


Early Vacuum Tube :Early Vacuum Tube


First Generation computers :First Generation computers 1939 - 1959 Use vacuum tubes and wire circuits 1939 ABC computer completed, clock speed of 60 Hz, uses punch cards for secondary memory 1946 ENIAC 18,000 valves, used 25 KW of power, 100,000 calculations/second


ABC Atanasoff-Berry Computer :ABC Atanasoff-Berry Computer


ENIAC :ENIAC


ENIAC :ENIAC


Transistors :Transistors 1947 Bell laboratories invent the transistor Smaller, cheaper, more reliable, less heat


First Transistor :First Transistor


Second Generation Computers :Second Generation Computers 1959 - 1964 Based on transistors and printed circuits Much smaller and less power consumption


Integrated Circuit :Integrated Circuit 1958 Invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments Integrates the functions of many transistors into one physical component


First Integrated Circuit :First Integrated Circuit


Third Generation Computers :Third Generation Computers 1964 - 1972 Based on integrated circuits, smaller than 2nd Generation


Microprocessors :Microprocessors 1971 Intel released first microprocessor, the 4004 Equivalent to 2,300 transistors, 4 bit data path, ran at 108 KHz Microprocessors are complex integrated circuits, capable of many different functions


Intel 4004 Processor :Intel 4004 Processor


Intel 8088 circuitry :Intel 8088 circuitry


Fourth Generation Computers :Fourth Generation Computers 1972 - Based on microprocessors Utilize LSI (Large Scale Integration), and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) Smaller, faster, and more complex than 3rd Generation


Fifth Generation Computers :Fifth Generation Computers ???? Will be much smaller and faster than 4th Generation Greatly increased data storage capability Will most likely have light, easily transportable display capabilities May be built into clothing


Fifth Generation Computers :Fifth Generation Computers Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.


Physical Limits :Physical Limits Chip designers are running up against the laws of physics. Ten years from now, chips will run at 30 GHz and complete a trillion operations per second. Unfortunately, with today's design technologies, those chips would be putting out the same amount of heat, proportionally, as a nuclear power plant.


Physical Limits & CPUs :Physical Limits & CPUs We have “hit the wall” of physics in our CPU clock speeds Intel announced in 2004 that it would not attempt to make processors that run at speeds greater than 3.6 GHZ Future CPUs will have multiple “Cores” to increase performance and bandwidth


Future Computers :Future Computers Few argue that the next generation of computers will be nearly invisible, meaning that they will blend in with everyday objects. Flexible ink-like circuitry will be printed onto plastic or sprayed onto various other substrates, such as clothes.


Wearable Computers-Now :Wearable Computers-Now


Wearable Computers-future? :Wearable Computers-future?


Wearable Computers :Wearable Computers


Wearables :Wearables