logging in or signing up Immunization nasirelsheikh Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 4227 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (5) Dislike it (0) Added: August 21, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description introduction to immunization Comments Posting comment... By: acharyajyoti30 (25 month(s) ago) Good one! Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Introduction to Immunizations : Introduction to Immunizations Mr. Nasir Elsheikh MD. MRCS Ed Immunizations : Immunizations Two artificial methods to make an individual immune to a disease Active immunization-administration of a vaccine response Passive immunization-individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by an immune individual or animal History of Immunization : History of Immunization The Chinese - disease - variolation risk of death Edward Jenner - cowpox- vaccination mild disease Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine against Pasteurella multocida Transferring protective antibodies Vaccination Problems : Vaccination Problems Socioeconomic and political problems Inability to develop effective vaccines for some pathogens Vaccine-associated risks discourage investment in developing new vaccines Vaccine Types : Vaccine Types Three general types of vaccines: Attenuated (live) Killed (inactivated) Toxoid Attenuated Vaccines : Attenuated Vaccines Uses pathogens that are active but have reduced virulence so they don’t cause disease Attenuation is the process of reducing virulence Viruses often attenuated by raising them in tissue culture cells for which they aren’t adapted until they lose the ability to produce disease Bacteria can be made avirulent by culturing under unusual conditions or through genetic manipulation Attenuated Vaccines : Attenuated Vaccines Can result in mild infections but no disease Contain replicating microbes that can stimulate a strong immune response due to the large number of antigen molecules Vaccinated individuals can infect those around them, providing herd immunity Problems with Attenuated Vaccines : Problems with Attenuated Vaccines Attenuated microbes may retain enough virulence to cause disease, especially in immunosuppressed individuals Pregnant women should not receive live vaccines due to the risk of the modified pathogen crossing the placenta Modified viruses may occasionally revert to wild type or mutate to a virulent form Inactivated Vaccines : Inactivated Vaccines Can be either whole agent vaccines produced with deactivated but whole microbes, or subunit vaccines safer than live vaccines When microbes are killed must not alter the antigens responsible for stimulating protective immunity Formaldehyde is commonly used to inactivate microbes Problems with Inactivated Vaccines : Problems with Inactivated Vaccines Do not stimulate herd immunity Whole agent vaccines may stimulate a inflammatory response due to nonantigenic portions of the microbe Antigenically weak since the microbes don’t reproduce and don’t provide many antigenic molecules to stimulate the immune response Slide 11: Administration in high or multiple doses, or the incorporation of an adjuvant, can make the vaccine more effective Adjuvants are substances that increase the antigenicity of the vaccine Adjuvants may also stimulate local inflammation High and multiple vaccine doses may produce allergic reactions Toxoid Vaccines : Toxoid Vaccines Chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity Useful for some bacterial diseases Stimulate antibody-mediated immunity Require multiple doses because they possess few antigenic determinants Vaccine Safety : Vaccine Safety Problems associated with immunization Mild toxicity is the most common problem May cause pain at the injection site can cause general malaise or fever high enough to induce seizures Anaphylactic shock Is an allergic reaction that may develop to a component of the vaccine Slide 14: Residual virulence Attenuated viruses occasionally cause disease in healthy children or adults Allegations that certain vaccines against childhood diseases cause or trigger autism, diabetes, and asthma Research has not substantiated these allegations Passive Immunity : Passive Immunity Administration of preformed antibodies Used when protection against a recent infection or an ongoing disease the serum from human or animal donors that have been infected or immunized Serum used for passive immunizations is called antiserum Passive vs. Active Immunization : Passive vs. Active Immunization You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Immunization nasirelsheikh Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 4227 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (5) Dislike it (0) Added: August 21, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description introduction to immunization Comments Posting comment... By: acharyajyoti30 (25 month(s) ago) Good one! Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Introduction to Immunizations : Introduction to Immunizations Mr. Nasir Elsheikh MD. MRCS Ed Immunizations : Immunizations Two artificial methods to make an individual immune to a disease Active immunization-administration of a vaccine response Passive immunization-individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by an immune individual or animal History of Immunization : History of Immunization The Chinese - disease - variolation risk of death Edward Jenner - cowpox- vaccination mild disease Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine against Pasteurella multocida Transferring protective antibodies Vaccination Problems : Vaccination Problems Socioeconomic and political problems Inability to develop effective vaccines for some pathogens Vaccine-associated risks discourage investment in developing new vaccines Vaccine Types : Vaccine Types Three general types of vaccines: Attenuated (live) Killed (inactivated) Toxoid Attenuated Vaccines : Attenuated Vaccines Uses pathogens that are active but have reduced virulence so they don’t cause disease Attenuation is the process of reducing virulence Viruses often attenuated by raising them in tissue culture cells for which they aren’t adapted until they lose the ability to produce disease Bacteria can be made avirulent by culturing under unusual conditions or through genetic manipulation Attenuated Vaccines : Attenuated Vaccines Can result in mild infections but no disease Contain replicating microbes that can stimulate a strong immune response due to the large number of antigen molecules Vaccinated individuals can infect those around them, providing herd immunity Problems with Attenuated Vaccines : Problems with Attenuated Vaccines Attenuated microbes may retain enough virulence to cause disease, especially in immunosuppressed individuals Pregnant women should not receive live vaccines due to the risk of the modified pathogen crossing the placenta Modified viruses may occasionally revert to wild type or mutate to a virulent form Inactivated Vaccines : Inactivated Vaccines Can be either whole agent vaccines produced with deactivated but whole microbes, or subunit vaccines safer than live vaccines When microbes are killed must not alter the antigens responsible for stimulating protective immunity Formaldehyde is commonly used to inactivate microbes Problems with Inactivated Vaccines : Problems with Inactivated Vaccines Do not stimulate herd immunity Whole agent vaccines may stimulate a inflammatory response due to nonantigenic portions of the microbe Antigenically weak since the microbes don’t reproduce and don’t provide many antigenic molecules to stimulate the immune response Slide 11: Administration in high or multiple doses, or the incorporation of an adjuvant, can make the vaccine more effective Adjuvants are substances that increase the antigenicity of the vaccine Adjuvants may also stimulate local inflammation High and multiple vaccine doses may produce allergic reactions Toxoid Vaccines : Toxoid Vaccines Chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity Useful for some bacterial diseases Stimulate antibody-mediated immunity Require multiple doses because they possess few antigenic determinants Vaccine Safety : Vaccine Safety Problems associated with immunization Mild toxicity is the most common problem May cause pain at the injection site can cause general malaise or fever high enough to induce seizures Anaphylactic shock Is an allergic reaction that may develop to a component of the vaccine Slide 14: Residual virulence Attenuated viruses occasionally cause disease in healthy children or adults Allegations that certain vaccines against childhood diseases cause or trigger autism, diabetes, and asthma Research has not substantiated these allegations Passive Immunity : Passive Immunity Administration of preformed antibodies Used when protection against a recent infection or an ongoing disease the serum from human or animal donors that have been infected or immunized Serum used for passive immunizations is called antiserum Passive vs. Active Immunization : Passive vs. Active Immunization