logging in or signing up eye movements narenkool Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 321 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: February 08, 2011 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description Objective: Foveation Extraocular muscles Muscle innervation – CNs III, IV, and VI Cranial nerve nuclei Three primary types of movements Pathologic eye movements Comments Posting comment... By: dd.dd (6 month(s) ago) hey nice ppt........... Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: aaraaf06 (12 month(s) ago) awesome ppt Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Eye Movements: Eye Movements A. Narendra GSL Medical College Rajahmundry Email dr.narendrambbs@gmail.comNormal Eye Movements: Normal Eye Movements Objective: Foveation Extraocular muscles Muscle innervation – CNs III, IV, and VI Cranial nerve nuclei Three primary types of movements Pathologic eye movementsObjective: foveation: Objective: foveation fovea – most sensitive portion of retina we need to orient, either voluntarily or reflexively, to important stimuli accomplished by directing our eyes to a target so that it is projected onto the fovea to maintain foveation, we depend on visual feedback as the primary source of information on eye movement accuracyExtraocular muscles : Extraocular muscles Superior rectus – moves eye up Inferior rectus – moves eye down Medial rectus – moves eye in (a-d-duction) Lateral rectus – moves eye out (a-b-duction) Inferior oblique – moves eye up when it is in an adducted position; also extorts the eye. Superior oblique – moves eye down when it is adducted; also intorts the eye. leftIsolating Extraocular Muscles: Isolating Extraocular MusclesCN III: CN IIICN III: CN III Superior division - Superior rectus muscle - Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Inferior division - Medial rectus muscle - Inferior rectus muscle - Inferior oblique muscle - Parasympathetic innervation to pupilCN IV CN VI: CN IV CN VICN VI: CN VICoordination of Eye Movements: Coordination of Eye Movements Separate systems exist to control each different subtype of eye movement: saccades, smooth pursuit, and vergence May be nuclear or supranuclear control May be reflexive or voluntary Separate systems exist to govern vertical and horizontal eye movementsTargeting Eye Movements: Targeting Eye Movements Saccades: Quick, darting conjugate movements which direct the eyes to a new target. Smooth pursuit: A slower conjugate movement which allows for tracking of a moving object, or of a stationary object while we are moving. Convergence: A dysconjugate movement of both eyes toward the midline to allow for focusing on a near object by adjusting the angle between the eyes.Variety of pathways contribute to saccadic control and smooth pursuit: Variety of pathways contribute to saccadic control and smooth pursuitSaccades: Saccades Under the control of three different areas in the brain: voluntary saccades - frontal eye fields (Brodmann’s area 8) reflexive saccades to complex stimuli - parietal lobes (Brodmann’s area 7) reflexive saccades to elementary stimuli - superior colliculiVoluntary Saccades (horizontal): Voluntary Saccades ( horizontal) results in saccade to contralateral spaceVoluntary Horizontal Saccades : CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE MIDBRAIN PONS PPRF PPRF VI VI FEF FEF III III Voluntary Horizontal SaccadesYoking Mechanism : MIDBRAIN PONS VI VI III III LR MR MR LR Yoking MechanismReflexive Saccades : Reflexive Saccades - to complex stimuli originates in area 7 of the parietal lobe - to elementary stimuli originates in superior colliculi dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in planning of eye mvtsSmooth Pursuit: Smooth Pursuit Two types: Voluntary (actually termed “smooth pursuit”) movements - originate in the temporo-parietal lobe Reflexive - which are under vestibular nuclear control alone and constitute what is called the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR).Voluntary Smooth Pursuit: Voluntary Smooth Pursuit originates near the angular gyrus - Area 39 at the temporal parietal occipital junction cells in this region are able to compute the speed and direction of a moving object results in ipsilateral smooth pursuit IPSIOptokinetic Reflex: Optokinetic Reflex Combination of saccades and smooth pursuit that allow tracking of targets in turn (e.g. counting sheep as they jump over a fence). smoothly pursue one target, then saccade in the opposite direction to pick up the next target parieto-temporal junction (smooth pursuit area) projects down to ipsilateral vestibular nucleus, inhibits it allowing ipsilateral smooth pursuit then, the FEF of the same hemisphere generates a saccade back (contralateral) to the next targetReflexive Smooth Pursuit - VOR: Reflexive Smooth Pursuit - VOR maintains gaze on a target despite head movement reflex arc – semicircular canal opposite the head turn detects motion and activates the ipsi vestibular n. which deactivates its inhibitory input on the ipsilateral VI results in eyes turning opposite to the head turn VIII deactivates (-) input p339 Medical Neuroscience, Nadeau et alConvergence: Convergence When areas of the occipital cortex detect a discrepancy in the retinal projection from each eye and amount of blur, a signal is sent to initiate convergence. To bring a near object into focus actually involves convergence, accomodation (lens curvature increases) and pupillary constriction. Together, these 3 movements are called the near triad.Pathologic eye movements: Pathologic eye movements Muscle Trauma, entrapment, inflammation, infiltrating diseases Neuromuscular Junction myasthenia gravis, botulism, organophosphate poisoning Cranial nuclei or nerve Brainstem: stroke, hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis, tumor, trauma Subarachnoid space: Increased intracranial pressure, aneurysm, meningitis, sarcoidosis, autoimmune Cavernous sinus: Tumor, sinus thrombosis, pituitary apoplexy, sphenoid sinusitis, carotid-cavernous fistula, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome Orbit: Trauma, tumor, infectionright cranial nerve III palsy: right cranial nerve III palsyright cranial nerve VI palsy: right cranial nerve VI palsyGaze Palsy: Gaze Palsy inability to look in a particular direction (ie. neither eye can look right) lesion in the FEF, the PPRF, or the CN VI nucleus Lesion in the FEF – unable to look contralaterally, eyes deviate toward the lesion, can be overcome with VOR Lesion in PPRF or CN VI nucleus – inability to look ipsilaterally with either eyeVoluntary Horizontal Saccades : CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE MIDBRAIN PONS PPRF PPRF VI VI FEF FEF III III Voluntary Horizontal SaccadesSlide 29: Left MLF lesion – intranuclear ophthalmoplegiaYoking Mechanism : MIDBRAIN PONS VI VI III III LR MR MR LR Yoking Mechanism You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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eye movements narenkool Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 321 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: February 08, 2011 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description Objective: Foveation Extraocular muscles Muscle innervation – CNs III, IV, and VI Cranial nerve nuclei Three primary types of movements Pathologic eye movements Comments Posting comment... By: dd.dd (6 month(s) ago) hey nice ppt........... Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: aaraaf06 (12 month(s) ago) awesome ppt Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Eye Movements: Eye Movements A. Narendra GSL Medical College Rajahmundry Email dr.narendrambbs@gmail.comNormal Eye Movements: Normal Eye Movements Objective: Foveation Extraocular muscles Muscle innervation – CNs III, IV, and VI Cranial nerve nuclei Three primary types of movements Pathologic eye movementsObjective: foveation: Objective: foveation fovea – most sensitive portion of retina we need to orient, either voluntarily or reflexively, to important stimuli accomplished by directing our eyes to a target so that it is projected onto the fovea to maintain foveation, we depend on visual feedback as the primary source of information on eye movement accuracyExtraocular muscles : Extraocular muscles Superior rectus – moves eye up Inferior rectus – moves eye down Medial rectus – moves eye in (a-d-duction) Lateral rectus – moves eye out (a-b-duction) Inferior oblique – moves eye up when it is in an adducted position; also extorts the eye. Superior oblique – moves eye down when it is adducted; also intorts the eye. leftIsolating Extraocular Muscles: Isolating Extraocular MusclesCN III: CN IIICN III: CN III Superior division - Superior rectus muscle - Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Inferior division - Medial rectus muscle - Inferior rectus muscle - Inferior oblique muscle - Parasympathetic innervation to pupilCN IV CN VI: CN IV CN VICN VI: CN VICoordination of Eye Movements: Coordination of Eye Movements Separate systems exist to control each different subtype of eye movement: saccades, smooth pursuit, and vergence May be nuclear or supranuclear control May be reflexive or voluntary Separate systems exist to govern vertical and horizontal eye movementsTargeting Eye Movements: Targeting Eye Movements Saccades: Quick, darting conjugate movements which direct the eyes to a new target. Smooth pursuit: A slower conjugate movement which allows for tracking of a moving object, or of a stationary object while we are moving. Convergence: A dysconjugate movement of both eyes toward the midline to allow for focusing on a near object by adjusting the angle between the eyes.Variety of pathways contribute to saccadic control and smooth pursuit: Variety of pathways contribute to saccadic control and smooth pursuitSaccades: Saccades Under the control of three different areas in the brain: voluntary saccades - frontal eye fields (Brodmann’s area 8) reflexive saccades to complex stimuli - parietal lobes (Brodmann’s area 7) reflexive saccades to elementary stimuli - superior colliculiVoluntary Saccades (horizontal): Voluntary Saccades ( horizontal) results in saccade to contralateral spaceVoluntary Horizontal Saccades : CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE MIDBRAIN PONS PPRF PPRF VI VI FEF FEF III III Voluntary Horizontal SaccadesYoking Mechanism : MIDBRAIN PONS VI VI III III LR MR MR LR Yoking MechanismReflexive Saccades : Reflexive Saccades - to complex stimuli originates in area 7 of the parietal lobe - to elementary stimuli originates in superior colliculi dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in planning of eye mvtsSmooth Pursuit: Smooth Pursuit Two types: Voluntary (actually termed “smooth pursuit”) movements - originate in the temporo-parietal lobe Reflexive - which are under vestibular nuclear control alone and constitute what is called the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR).Voluntary Smooth Pursuit: Voluntary Smooth Pursuit originates near the angular gyrus - Area 39 at the temporal parietal occipital junction cells in this region are able to compute the speed and direction of a moving object results in ipsilateral smooth pursuit IPSIOptokinetic Reflex: Optokinetic Reflex Combination of saccades and smooth pursuit that allow tracking of targets in turn (e.g. counting sheep as they jump over a fence). smoothly pursue one target, then saccade in the opposite direction to pick up the next target parieto-temporal junction (smooth pursuit area) projects down to ipsilateral vestibular nucleus, inhibits it allowing ipsilateral smooth pursuit then, the FEF of the same hemisphere generates a saccade back (contralateral) to the next targetReflexive Smooth Pursuit - VOR: Reflexive Smooth Pursuit - VOR maintains gaze on a target despite head movement reflex arc – semicircular canal opposite the head turn detects motion and activates the ipsi vestibular n. which deactivates its inhibitory input on the ipsilateral VI results in eyes turning opposite to the head turn VIII deactivates (-) input p339 Medical Neuroscience, Nadeau et alConvergence: Convergence When areas of the occipital cortex detect a discrepancy in the retinal projection from each eye and amount of blur, a signal is sent to initiate convergence. To bring a near object into focus actually involves convergence, accomodation (lens curvature increases) and pupillary constriction. Together, these 3 movements are called the near triad.Pathologic eye movements: Pathologic eye movements Muscle Trauma, entrapment, inflammation, infiltrating diseases Neuromuscular Junction myasthenia gravis, botulism, organophosphate poisoning Cranial nuclei or nerve Brainstem: stroke, hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis, tumor, trauma Subarachnoid space: Increased intracranial pressure, aneurysm, meningitis, sarcoidosis, autoimmune Cavernous sinus: Tumor, sinus thrombosis, pituitary apoplexy, sphenoid sinusitis, carotid-cavernous fistula, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome Orbit: Trauma, tumor, infectionright cranial nerve III palsy: right cranial nerve III palsyright cranial nerve VI palsy: right cranial nerve VI palsyGaze Palsy: Gaze Palsy inability to look in a particular direction (ie. neither eye can look right) lesion in the FEF, the PPRF, or the CN VI nucleus Lesion in the FEF – unable to look contralaterally, eyes deviate toward the lesion, can be overcome with VOR Lesion in PPRF or CN VI nucleus – inability to look ipsilaterally with either eyeVoluntary Horizontal Saccades : CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE MIDBRAIN PONS PPRF PPRF VI VI FEF FEF III III Voluntary Horizontal SaccadesSlide 29: Left MLF lesion – intranuclear ophthalmoplegiaYoking Mechanism : MIDBRAIN PONS VI VI III III LR MR MR LR Yoking Mechanism