Newly discovered amino acids

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Newly discovered amino acids : 

Newly discovered amino acids Under supervision of \ Dr. Tayseer By\Mohamed Tag elDine

Firstly the known amino acids : 

Firstly the known amino acids

Selenocysteine: The 21st Amino Acid : 

Selenocysteine: The 21st Amino Acid SeC itself is highly toxic to cells in high doses Necessary for selenoproteins particularly An operon consisting of four genes known as the sel operon is necessary for the incorporation of selenocysteine into proteins.

Slide 4: 

In fact Selenocysteine is encoded by the UGA codon, the umber codon, which is normally a termination codon. But there are only 64 possibilities for a triplet code, and each has been assigned an amino acid already so how can Selenocysteine be encoded?

How this happens ?! : 

How this happens ?! In Prokaryotes Sel operon is the responsible for this process by its four genes:- Sel A converts serine to dehydeoalanine Sel B translated for the EF-Tu like factor Sel C codes for the specific selenocysteine tRNA sel D - “activates” HSe-

Pyrrolysine: The 22nd Amino acid : 

Pyrrolysine: The 22nd Amino acid After the discovery of the selenocysteine and its unusual mechanism of incorporation to the protein That left open the question of whether future amino acids would follow the traditional path of the first 20 amino acids or the unusual route taken by 21st

In the end, traditional won out. : 

In the end, traditional won out.

But, how did they discover it ??? : 

But, how did they discover it ??? In the study of a common class of compounds - the methylamines - that transformed into methane by methanogens bacteria. Krzycki's research group had isolated specific proteins related to the process in 1995 and, two years later, they had isolated and sequenced one of the genes responsible

Slide 10: 

While sequencing the gene it was unexpected to see the umber codon (UGA) inside the gene Firstly it thought to be a normal lysine, But after crystallization and using the X-ray it was identified as a new amino acid (pyrrolysine)

Thanks a lot : 

Thanks a lot