Progressivism

The Progressive Reform Era 1890 - 1920 : 

The Progressive Reform Era 1890 - 1920

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What is one (1) problem in the state or country you would like to see eliminated? How might you try to solve this problem? Who might you turn to for help? What steps would need to be taken? List a few of the problems that plagued America during this time period. 1870 - 1900 1. Party bosses controlled the city and they hired non-qualified people. 2. State gov’ts would not pass bills that the people wanted. 3. Voter’s could not remove corrupt politicians from office. 4. People were forced to vote for a candidate picked by the boss. The boss could tell who they voted for. 5. Corrupt businesses could operate in the city limits. 6. Utilities became monopolies charging high prices for their services. 7. Workers in hazardous jobs worked long hours leading to injures and got no compensation. 8. Women worked long hours in hazardous conditions. This may cause them to be unable to have children.

The Origins of Progressivism : 

The Origins of Progressivism Objectives: o What were the goals of Progressives? o How did progressive writers influence reform? o Identify reform organizations and women who took up Progressive causes. o Why did Progressive reforms meet resistance.

Roots of Reform: Origins of Progressivism Other reform efforts: nativism, temperance, purity, electoral reform, social gospel. - Private charity could not do all the work, legislation was needed. Populism paved the way for Progressivism : 

Roots of Reform: Origins of Progressivism Other reform efforts: nativism, temperance, purity, electoral reform, social gospel. - Private charity could not do all the work, legislation was needed. Populism paved the way for Progressivism Populism Late 1800s movement Drew strength from rural areas Supporters mostly poor & uneducated Radical ideas of reform (govt. ownership of major industry) FAILED!!! Progressivism Early 1900s movement Drew strength from urban areas Supporters mostly middle-class, well-educated Stayed in political mainstream SUCCEEDED!!! (to some extent)

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1890 to 1917 “Progressives were reformers who attempted to solve problems caused by industry, growth of cities and laissez faire.” PROGRESSIVES

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Progressives were White Protestants Women and Blacks Middle class and native born. College Educated Professionals Social workers Scholars Politicians Preachers Teachers Writers

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Adopted Populist Ideas Move away from laissez faire with government regulating industry Make US government responsive to the people ( voting ) Limit power of the political bosses. Improve worker’s rights, conditions for poor and immigrants Clean up the cities End segregation and Jim Crow PROGRESSIVES

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The Progressive movement did not aim to remake America (like the Populists) but to make the American system work better. HOW??? 1) Govt. must be more responsive to the people (reform govt. operations) 2) Govt. shoud curb the power of the wealthy 3) Govt. had to play a greater role in protecting the well-being of its citizens (economically, socially, and politically) 4) Govt. should be more efficient and less corrupt. Goals of: The Progressive Movement

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Areas to Reform Social Justice Political Democracy Economic Equality Conservation PROGRESSIVES

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Social Justice Improve working conditions in industry, regulate unfair business practices, eliminate child labor, help immigrants and the poor PROGRESSIVES

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Political Democracy Give the government back to the people, get more people voting and end corruption with political machines. PROGRESSIVES

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PROGRESSIVES Economic Justice Fairness and opportunity in the work world, regulate unfair trusts and bring about changes in labor. Demonstrate to the common people that U.S. Government is in charge and not the industrialists.

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CONSERVATION Preserve natural resources and the environment PROGRESSIVES

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POLITICAL DEMOCRACY Goal: Reform local and state governments by introducing direct involvement of the people. At the national level, women’s suffrage and direct election of the U.S. Senate Local Level State Level National Level

Goal: More Power to Citizens (less to bosses): 

Goal: More Power to Citizens (less to bosses) Municipal Reforms City Commissioner Plan City Manager Plan State Reforms Secret Ballot Direct Primary Referendum Federal Reforms

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Muckrakers were journalists and photographers who exposed the abuses of wealth and power. They felt it was their job to write and expose corruption in industry, cities and government. Progressives exposed corruption but offered no solutions. SOCIAL JUSTICE MUCKRAKERS

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They believed that if the public could only see or read for itself….. There would be an outcry and people would want to help make conditions better….. Or demand the government to make reforms. “Digging up the dirt” = Investigative Journalism SOCIAL JUSTICE

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SOCIAL JUSTICE Goal: to improve working conditions, regulate unfair business practices, eliminate child labor, end segregation, assimilate immigrants and help the poor. Local Level State Level National Level

Writers as Reformers: 

Writers as Reformers Muckraker – anyone who exposed the “ills” of society Journalists: Ida Tarbell – against Standard Oil Co. Jacob Riis – “City Life” - slums Magazines / Books– McClures & Cosmopolitan Lincoln Steffens – “ The Shame of a Nation ” Upton Sinclair – “The Jungle” 1906 Marie & Bessie Van Vorst - “The Woman who Toils” – sweatshops Others: Thomas Nast – editorial cartoons (Donkey, Elephant, Uncle Sam) – Tweed Ring Lewis Hines – Photographer – Child Labor John Spargo - The Bitter Cry of the Children - Child Labor

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SOCIAL JUSTICE Lewis Hines http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tY1gk6J6zc Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives

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SOCIAL JUSTICE John Spargo: The Bitter Cry of the Children

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Decided who was worthy of help Wanted immigrants to adopt American, middle-class standards. Offered charity and justice to society’s problems. Sought to apply the gospel teachings of Christ. Preached salvation through service to poor Moved into poor communities Their settlement houses served as community centers and social service agencies. Hull House , founded by Jane Addams a model settlement house in Chicago, offered cultural events, classes, childcare, employment assistance, and health-care clinics. The Charity Organization Movement The Social Gospel Movement The Settlement Movement Social welfare reformers work to relieve urban poverty

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JANE ADAMMS SETTLEMENT HOUSE JANE ADAMMS SETTLEMENT HOUSE RUN BY COLLEGE EDUCATED WOMEN provide educational, cultural, social services for workers and immigrants send visiting nurses to the sick help with personal, job, financial problems

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JANE ADAMMS SETTLEMENT HOUSE In 1889, the settlement house movement spread rapidly. By 1900 more than 400 houses had been established in major cities across the country.

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SOCIAL JUSTICE Hiram Johnson---Governor of Calif. Worker’s compensation State insurance supported workers injured on the job. Robert La Follette---Gov. of Wisconsin Wisconsin Idea = La Follette Plan Taxes on incomes and corporations

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SOCIAL JUSTICE 16 th Amendment: Income Tax (1913) Progressive income tax assigned higher tax rates to people with higher incomes.

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SOCIAL JUSTICE 18 th Amendment: Prohibition (1919) Banned manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages Movement begins at the local, state levels and eventually effects the national level…..

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WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION Founded in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1874, it used educational, social, and political means to promote legislation which dealt with issues ranging from health and hygiene, prison reform and world peace. Frances Willard Carrie Nation Anna Howard Shaw protection of women and children at home and work women's right to vote shelters for abused women support from labor movements such as the Knights of Labor the eight-hour work day equal pay for equal work founding of kindergartens assistance in founding of the PTA federal aid for education stiffer penalties for sexual crimes against girls and  women uniform marriage and divorce laws

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Most successful work was in alerting the nation of the evils of alcohol and promoting legislation to outlaw it. Passage of the 18 th Amendment in 1919 to outlaw alcohol.

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Most successful and well known WCTU reformer was Carrie Nation. She would march into a bar and sing and pray, while smashing bar fixtures and stock with a hatchet.

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Between 1900 and 1910 she was arrested some 30 times, and paid her jail fines from lecture-tour fees and sales of souvenir hatchets. Changed her name to Carry A. Nation and referred to herself as “A Home Defender”.

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Progressive Legislation Municipal State Federal Home rule Direct primary Square Deal Attacked Bosses Initiative Natl. Reclamation Act Commission Referendum Forest Service Control of utilities Recall Hepburn Act Contl police and fire Workplace hazards Pure Food and Drug City council Labor departments Meat Inspection Act City manager Child labor laws Dept. Of Labor Welfare services Hrs. and pay 16,17,18,19 ameds. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUP9Jm9SqvY Progressive Movement

Key Leaders and Groups: indicate movement actions : 

Key Leaders and Groups: indicate movement actions Labor Unions Knights of Labor, AFL Socialists Women”s Suffrage organizations African American Groups NAACP Niagara Movement

Political Reform: 

Political Reform Progressive reform began at the local or city level because it was easier to implement than at the vast state or national level. Urban corruption from political machines was a major focus, resulting in the reorganization of local government using the commissioner-and city-manager-styles of management.

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POLITICAL DEMOCRACY 17 th Amendment : NATIONAL LEVEL 17 th Amendment: Direct Election of Senators (1913) Increased voters’ power and reduced corruption in Senate

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POLITICAL DEMOCRACY NATIONAL LEVEL 19 th Amendment Women’s Suffrage (1920) Women won the right to vote

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City Commissioner Plan Cities hired experts in different fields to run a single aspect of city government. For example, the sanitation commissioner would be in charge of garbage and sewage removal. City Manager Plan A professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report directly to the city council. City Reforms

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Recall Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office. Initiative Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens. Referendum Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed. Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses. State Reforms Secret Ballot Privacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted. Direct Primary

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Given out only at the polls Vote in secret Printed at public expense Lists names of all candidates and their parties AUSTRALIAN BALLOT

electoral: 

Caucus ---small group of individuals who would choose a candidate Convention ---members from the political parties nominate a candidate Direct Primary ---allow registered voters to participate in choosing a candidate Which of these nominating processes would be the most democratic way to nominate candidates and narrow the field of candidates for the general election ? 1790 to 1828 1828 to 1900 Current System Used electoral POLITICAL DEMOCRACY

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National Reclamation Act (1902) Roosevelt Encouraged conservation by allowing the building of dams and irrigations systems using money from the sale of public lands. Elkins Act (1903) Roosevelt Outlawed the use of rebates by railroad officials or shippers. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906/1911) Roosevelt Required that companies accurately label the ingredients contained in processed food items. Meat Inspection Act (1906) Roosevelt In direct response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle , this law required that meat processing plants be inspected to ensure the use of good meat and health-minded procedures. Progressive Era Federal Legislation

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Progressive Era Federal Legislation Hepburn Act (1906) Roosevelt Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, allowing it to set maximum railroad rates. Federal Reserve Act (1913) Wilson Created 12 district Federal Reserve Banks, each able to issue new currency and loan member banks funds at the prime interest rate, as established by the Federal Reserve Board. Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Wilson Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means, and stated that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation. Federal Trade Act (1914) Wilson Established the Federal Trade Commission, charged with investigating unfair business practices including monopolistic activity and inaccurate product labeling.

Preparing the Way for Suffrage: 

Preparing the Way for Suffrage American women activists first demanded the right to vote in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York. The movement eventually split into two groups: The National Woman Suffrage Association fought for a constitutional amendment for suffrage. The American Woman Suffrage Association worked to win voting rights on the state level. In 1890, Wyoming entered the union and became the first state to grant women the right to vote. In 1872, in an act of civil disobedience , a suffrage leader, Susan B. Anthony, insisted on voting in Rochester, New York. She was arrested for this act.

Suffragist Strategies: 

Suffragist Strategies Constitutional Amendment Winning suffrage by a constitutional amendment The first federal amendment was introduced in Congress in 1868 and stalled. In 1878, suffragists introduced a new amendment. Stalled again, the bill was not debated again until 1887. It was defeated by the Senate. The bill was not debated again until 1913. Individual State Suffrage Winning suffrage state by state State suffrage seemed more successful than a constitutional amendment. Survival on the frontier required the combined efforts of men and women and encouraged a greater sense of equality. Western states were more likely to allow women the right to vote. NWSA AWSA

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Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leaders of the suffrage movement, died without seeing the victory of women’s suffrage. At the turn of the century, Carrie Chapman Catt became the leader of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). She led the movement from 1900 to 1904 and again after 1915. In March 1913 Alice Paul and Lucy Burns organized a parade of 5,000 women in Washington, D.C. A New Generation Women’s Suffrage

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A New Generation Women’s Suffrage

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19 th Amendment provides full suffrage to women in all the states, 1920.

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Social Reformers W.E.B. DuBois, Founder of the NAACP Muck raker Work Subject Results Ida B. Wells A Red Record (1895) Provided statistics on the lynching of African-Americans. NAACP joined the fight for Federal anti-lynching legislation. Harvard-educated professor who focused on the need for a traditional liberal arts education for African-Americans who could then insist upon equal treatment and rights from white society.

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W.E.B. DUBOIS

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PHILOSOPHIES OF BLACK LEADERS W.E.B. Dubois How do Black Americans overcome segregation? Northern Perspective Fought for immediate Black equality in society Talented 10% : Demanded the top 10% of the talented Black population be placed into the “ power positions ” Gain equality by breaking into power structure Founder of NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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NIAGARA MOVEMENT Begins in 1906 in a meeting at Niagara Falls, Canada in opposition to Booker T. Washington’s philosophy of accepting segregation. Encourage of Black pride Uncompromising demand for full political and civil equality No acceptance of segregation----opposed Booker T. Washington’s “gradualism”. Gain acceptance of white reformers. Formation of the NAACP in 1906 with Dubois as the editor of the NAACP’s journal, The Crisis Other Black groups formed to support Dubois, National Urban League in 1911

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Improving Conditions for African Americans Lynching – Ida Wells – The Red Record .

South’s Backlash1: 

South’s Backlash1 0 to 20 20 to 60 60 to 100 100 to 200 200 or more Lynchings of Whites/Blacks

The Progressive Presidents (1901-1918): 

The Progressive Presidents (1901-1918) THEODORE ROOSEVELT WILLIAM H. TAFT WOODROW WILSON

I. TEDDY ROOSEVELT : 

I. TEDDY ROOSEVELT Political Career 1. Harvard grad. 2. NY state: Legislature Police Commissioner Gov. of NY 3. U.S. govt: Civil Service Comm. Asst. Sec. of Navy “Rough Riders” VP for Wm. McKinley

McKinley killed by anarchist (1901) TR becomes President: 

McKinley killed by anarchist (1901) TR becomes President

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LEON CZOLGOSZ

A. TR’S PRESIDENCY (Republican): 

A. TR’S PRESIDENCY (Republican) 1. Wm. McKinley “Laissez faire”Republican 2. TR “Bully Pulpit” -President should speak for the country as a whole, defining nat’l problems and solutions

B. “SQUARE DEAL” (4) President - active leader for people: 

B. “SQUARE DEAL” (4) President - active leader for people #1- “Trustbusting” (Business) a. “Good” & “Bad” Trusts “Good” - Provided better products at lower prices “Bad” - Exploited competition & customer

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Square Deal TR believed in the “capitalistic system” but believed that the system must be regulated by US Govt. TR was a Hamiltonian but for the betterment of the “ common man ” as opposed to benefit the elite. TR believed the U.S. Government was running the country and not the rich and corrupt industrialists…. This was his real purpose behind “trust-busting” U.S. Government involvement with “regulatory agencies” …. Similar to “checks and balances” PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS

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PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS Square Deal Reforms of the Progressives start with President Roosevelt…. Areas which he wanted to reform and use the “bully pulpit” of the Presidency were the following: Bad Trusts vs. Good Trusts Take the side of labor Railroads Limiting corruption in the workplace Conservation

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TR, the “Trustbuster” Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of Corporations Arm of the D o L Filed more than 40 anti-trust suits using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Northern Securities Standard Oil Swift Beef ECONOMIC JUSTICE

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ECONOMIC JUSTICE Railroad Reforms to boost the Interstate Commerce Commission.(1887) Elkins Act -1903 Anti-Rebate Act or Anti- Kick Back Act Regulates common carriers of people and freight, UPS, Greyhound, Amtrak, etc. Hepburn Act -1906 Regulates rates for passengers and freight Air travel cost controls Air freight price controls

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2. Workers 1903 Coal Strike a. Called owners & workers to White House (1st time) b. Govt. would take over mines if owners did not compromise with workers c. Showed concern for working people

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ECONOMIC JUSTICE 2. Anthracite 1903 Coal Strike Union wanted shorter days and higher wages and owners would not negotiate. Winter, nation needed coal to heat homes. TR calls a White House Conference. TR threatens to send in troops to run mines Owners back down and TR becomes the “hero” of the common working man. Importance: First time US Govt. took the side of labor in a dispute.

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3. Consumers a. Meat Inspection Act of 1906 -Meat must be packed under sanitary conditions and from healthy animals

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SOCIAL JUSTICE Reading The Jungle, TR brought about reform in proposing and signing into law the Meat Inspection Act, 1906 All meat sold must inspected Must be marked by Federal inspectors and graded. Meat industry cleaned up. Fish is regulated.

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SOCIAL JUSTICE Upton Sinclairs, The Jungle , exposed the filthy, unsanitary working conditions and corruption in a meatpacking company in Chicago

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SOCIAL JUSTICE

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SOCIAL JUSTICE

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SOCIAL JUSTICE B. Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 Federal inspection to all packaged foods and drugs. Labels with medicine as well as food. Contents of food and drug packages must be listed All additives/chemicals must be listed on labels. FDA today or Food and Drug Administration

#4 Conservation: 

#4 Conservation Urged congress to preserve natural resources. Newlands Act 1902 - Set aside 200 mil acres Created U.S. Forest Service (GP) Forest Preservation Natl. Reclamation Act – sale of public lands TR & John Muir TR & Gifford Pinchot

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CONSERVATION TR’s Conservation Policy 125,000 acres in reserve National Reclamation Act 1902 25 water projects Founding of the National Park System

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CONSERVATION National Reclamation Act gave birth to the Newlands Irrigation Project. Free land to Homesteaders who wanted to farm Lahontan Valley. Dairy farming, hay, beef and sugar beets Lake Lahontan and dam built in operation by 1914

II. WILLIAM H. TAFT: 

II. WILLIAM H. TAFT Political Career 1. Cincinn. Law School 2. OH state: Superior Court 3. U.S. govt: Solicitor General Federal Judge Gov. of Philippines Sec. of War (TR) TR’s hand-picked successor (1908)

A. WHT’S PRESIDENCY (Republican): 

A. WHT’S PRESIDENCY (Republican) 1. Taft failures (Tariff) -Congress passes new tariff bill Taft signs -Higher tariff -Infuriated Progressives -Taft seen as weak (not like TR)

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TAFT'S PRESIDENCY Federal Children’s Bureau Creation of a Dept. of Labor 8 hr. workday Mann-Elkins Act Aligns with Conservative Republicans and splits with Roosevelt’s Progressives. Goodness gracious, I must have been dozing

2. Taft Victories: 

2. Taft Victories a. Income Tax Amendment (16) b. 80 suits against trusts -More than TR c. Dept. of Labor created

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The 1912 Election Key Issues

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1912 ELECTION TR runs against Taft for the Republican nomination. TR is not nominated for the Republican nomination because the Conservatives supported Taft. Ballinger-Pinochet quarrel, Sec. of the Interior Ballinger opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to development Angered TR's pro-conservation stand.

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The Ballinger- Pinchot Controversy

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1912 ELECTION TR forms his own party called the Progressive “ Bull Moose Party ”…….. As a result, TR splits the Republican Party and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) will be elected.

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The Progressive Party & Theodore Roosevelt

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You’re no PROgressive – you’re a REgressive Yeah, well, you’re not fit as a bull moose – you just smell like one!

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GOP Divided by Bull Moose Equals Democratic Victory!

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1912 ELECTION Roosevelt’s Campaign Slogan New Nationalism : Favored an active government role in economic and social affairs. Good vs. bad trusts which were regulated by the U.S. Govt. Continuation of his Square Deal policies. Direct Election of Senators Tariff reduction Presidential primaries Regulation of monopolies End child labor Women’s suffrage

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No Third-Term Principle

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1912 ELECTION New Freedom Goal: Favored an active role in economic and social affairs. Favored small businesses and the free functioning and unregulated and unmonopolized markets. Tackle the “ triple wall of privilege ”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. Similar to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism. Goal: Continuation of his Square Deal which were reforms to help the common man. Favored a more active govt role in economic and social affairs. Good trusts vs. bad trusts Direct election of senators Tariff reduction Presidential primaries Regulation of monopolies End child labor Initiative and referendum Women’s suffrage New Nationalism

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1912 ELECTION

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1912 ELECTION

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1912 ELECTION Wilson’s Slogan New Freedom : restore the free competition and equal opportunity but not through big government…. Tackle the “ triple wall of privilege ”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. Wilson passes quite a bit of legislation which was similar to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism …. Federal Trade Commission 16th Amendment Underwood Tariff Bill Federal Reserve Act Clayton Anti-Trust Act Keating-Owen Act Progressive Movement ends in 1917 with US entrance into WWI Wilson’s time is devoted to the WWI instead of the Progressive Reforms.

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The GOP: An Extinct Animal?

III. WOODROW WILSON (Democrat): 

III. WOODROW WILSON (Democrat) Personal Background Son of a Minister Princeton Law School College Professor Princeton President Political Background NJ Governor

B. WW’S PRESIDENCY “New Freedom”: 

B. WW’S PRESIDENCY “New Freedom” 1. TARIFFS Underwood Tariff (1913) : Lowered tariffs 2. BANKS Federal Reserve Act (1913) : Hierachy: Federal Reserve Board, (12) Federal Reserve Banks, All local banks 3. BIG BUSINESSES Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) : Spelled out clearly what corporations could not do Federal Trade Commision (FTC) : Examined advertising practices, unfair business practices

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FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM Members of the Board of Governors (p400) Ben S. Bernanke, Chairman | Donald L. Kohn Vice Chairman Susan Schmidt Bies Kevin M. Warsh Randall S. Kroszner Frederic S. Mishkin Appointed by the president, sets interest rates, Federal Reserve Banks sell stock to and lend money to member banks (over 120,000)

4. WORKERS Supported Child labor laws - Unsuccessful until 1930’s : 

4. WORKERS Supported Child labor laws - Unsuccessful until 1930’s

AFRICAN-AMERICANS & PROGRESSIVISM Largely ignored : 

AFRICAN-AMERICANS & PROGRESSIVISM Largely ignored 1. Booker T. Washington -Education, Learn a trade -Equality will come 2. W.E.B. DuBois -Fight to get rid of discrim. right away -NAACP formed (1909)